Paul Dirac's insights into the nature of Quantum Mechanics laid the foundation for Quantum Field Theory and predicted the existence of anti-matter. Part 1 in our series on Quantum Field Theory.

In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank discusses what Molecules actually look like and why, some quantum-mechanical three dimensional wave functions are explored, he touches on hybridization, and delves into sigma and pi...

Atoms can (and do) bond constantly; it's how they form molecules. Sometimes, in an atomic tug-of-war, one atom pulls electrons from another, forming an ionic bond. Atoms can also play nicely and share electrons in a covalent bond. From...

Carrots get their orange-y color from, you guessed it, an organic chemical. This chemical, called beta carotene, gets its pigment from its conjugated electron system. We’ve talked some already about conjugation, but in this episode of...

Hank brings us the story of the electron and describes how reality is a kind of music, discussing electron shells and orbitals, electron configurations, ionization and electron affinities, and how all these things can be...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how to write out the electron configuration for atoms on the periodic table. More importantly he shows you why electrons arrange themselves in shells, subshells and orbitals by using Coulomb's law...

The organic molecules that make up life on Earth are more than just the 2-D structures we’ve been drawing so far. Molecules have 3-D shapes that help us understand what they can do. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry,...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the quantum mechanical model of the atom refined the shell model. Uncertainty of the position of the electron as well as spin forces chemists to create an improved model. In this model the...

Learn how astrophysicists use the orbital motion of a visible star—its speed and period—to infer the mass of its invisible companion, often a black hole, in a binary system.

Watch the amazing view from space during stage separation and second stage engine ignition of SpaceX Falcon Heavy.<b<br/>r/>

Credit: SpaceX | mash mix by Space.com's Steve Spaleta

Transition metals are elements in the d orbital. The reason these are unique is that they do not have 1 set charge they become when they become an ion like elements in the s and p orbital. Elements in the d orbital, or our transition...

Electron Configurations are essential to chemistry and they help us better understand and explain the position/location of electrons. Writing electron configurations can be daunting at first but once you see the pattern, you will be able...

Wolfgang Pauli's Exclusion Principle, developed in 1925, is a crucial concept in quantum mechanics. It states that two electrons in the same atom cannot have the same set of quantum numbers, which are the principal quantum number (𝑻n),...

Characterised by the symbol 𝑙l, the azimuthal quantum number is a fundamental parameter in quantum mechanics that describes the angular momentum and form of an electron's orbital within an atom. The integer values it accepts range from...

Group 14 elements are carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). Their valence electron configuration is unique and is shown by the symbol ns²np². This set-up shows that there are two electrons in the...

The magnetic quantum number  abbreviated as m  represents the orbital orientation of an electron in a given energy level and sublevel. Here's a thorough rundown:
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Azimuthal...

An important idea in atomic theory is the Aufbau Principle, which shows how electrons are arranged in an atom. It says that electrons fill atomic orbitals from least energetic to most energetic, starting with the least...

In alkynes, such as acetylene (C₂H₂), carbon atoms undergo sp hybridization. This involves the mixing of one 2s orbital and one 2p orbital, forming two sp hybrid orbitals. These orbitals align in a linear arrangement with a bond angle of...

Hybridization Process: Carbon atoms undergo sp² hybridization, mixing one 2s and two 2p orbitals to form three sp² hybrid orbitals arranged in a trigonal planar geometry (120° bond angles). Bond Formation: Two sp² orbitals form sigma (σ)...

Valence Bond (VB) theory explains how chemical bonds form through the overlap of atomic orbitals, where electron pairs are shared between atoms. The key concepts include: Atomic Orbital Overlap: Bonds form when atomic orbitals from...

The Kossel-Lewis approach introduced the concept of ionic and covalent bonds. It emphasizes the role of electron transfer or sharing between atoms to achieve noble gas configurations

Allenes are compounds with a unique structure characterized by two adjacent double bonds (C=C=C). Despite having no traditional chiral centers, certain substituted allenes can exhibit chirality and optical activity due to their rigid,...

By the end of this learning object, the student will be able to: recognize the fundamentals of the periodic table.14977

Learn about Bernardinelli–Bernstein Comet with the Bernardinelli–Bernstein Comet Planet Song by the KLT