The Nobel Foundation provides a brief story about the first vacuum tubes used in early electronic devices such as radios and phonographs and even the first computers.

This site provides a brief biography on William D. Coolidge, inventor of the X-ray tube, also known as the "Coolidge tube."

An extensive site covering all aspects of Lee de Forest, his inventions, writings, and personal life. Find drawings and pictures of his audion tube and find out about his legacy, especially in the world of electronics.

This site provides a tour of the discovery and development of the transistor form PBS, including video and lesson plans.

Discusses the history of electronic banking, banking problems, vacuum tubes vs. transistors, magnetic ink character reading, handling paper at high speed, and the ERMA.

Computers are one of the top 20 engineering innovations of the 20th century. Read the history behind this great invention.

A labeled photo of a 2D xray diffractometer located at the University of Helsinki. The labeled parts include the beamstop, slits, sample, vacuum tube and image plate detector.

This diagram labels the typical parts of a filtration experiment. Included in the equipment labeling are: buchner funnel, moistened filter paper, porous plate (plate with holes in it), rubber tubing, buchner flask and rubber bung....