Primary
University of Chicago

U. Of Chicago/ Popular Basis of Political Authority

For Students 9th - 10th
Excerpts from John Locke's famous 1689 work "Two Treatises of Government" where he discusses his political ideas that came to influence the U.S. Revolutionaries.
Article
University of St. Andrews (UK)

University of St. Andrews: Aristotle

For Students 9th - 10th
An excellent look into the life of the ancient Greek intellectual thinker, Aristotle. This article details Aristotle's childhood and travels as well as his various theories.
Handout
Stanford University

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Creationism

For Students 9th - 10th
An entry from the Standard Encyclopedia of Philospohy that analyzes creationism from scientific, philosophical, and theological viewpoints and finds it lacking on all three measures.
Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Heraclitus

For Students 9th - 10th
Excellent introduction to Heraclitus' difficult philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Includes biography relating him to other Ionian and Milesian philosophers. Quotes several of his fragments.
Primary
University of Oxford (UK)

Bodleian Library: Internet Library of Early Journals

For Students 9th - 10th
This site provides an extensive library of British journals from the 18th and 19th centuries.
Website
Other

Modern Political Theory

For Students 9th - 10th
This site contains a question and answer format on the theories of Locke and Hobbes. It answers questions about the political system and social contract, as well as theorizing about the state of nature and rights of man.
Handout
Stanford University

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Maimonides

For Students 9th - 10th
A highly detailed biography of the famous Jewish philosopher and religious thinker. The article provides a thorough analysis of his religious ideas.
Unit Plan
Annenberg Foundation

Annenberg Learner: Democracy in America: Citizenship: Making Government Work

For Teachers 9th - 10th
This unit on citizenship introduces the question "What is government?" from a philosophical perspective, and delves into the meaning of government, how it works, etc. through a Video on Demand, assignments, and critical thinking and more.
Handout
Discovering Lewis & Clark

Discovering Lewis & Clark: Benjamin Rush, m.d.

For Students 9th - 10th
Learn detailed information about the life and education of Dr. Benjamin Rush who advised Lewis on how to keep his men healthy and what questions to ask to determine the health practices of the Indians he would encounter. Rush was also a...
Handout
Franco Cavazzi

Roman empire.net: Marcus Aurelius

For Students 6th - 8th
Good biography of Marcus Aurelius describing the lengthy wait he had to become emperor, the fierce wars he fought, and his stoic philosophy. Also deals with the questions about Commodus and his appointments as co-emperor and emperor.
eBook
OpenStax

Open Stax: Urbanization 1870 1900: Change Reflected in Thought and Writing

For Students 11th - 12th
American writers and intellectuals played an important role in articulating the changes taking place in Industrial America in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Learn about some of the prominent writers, scientists, and philosophers at that...
Website
Other

First Thing/ "St. Evelyn Waugh"/ Review of Biographies

For Students 9th - 10th
This is an extended review of Martin Stannard's two volumes of Waugh's biography. Stannard contends that Waugh is "a brilliant satirest, one of the funniest writers of the century." The book and this review provide insight into Waugh's...
Handout
Stanford University

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Saint Thomas Aquinas

For Students 9th - 10th
This is a very detailed site about the life and the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 CE). This site provides the reader with a brief biography, comparisons between Aristotle and Aquinas, commentary on Aquinas' work, and also a...
Activity
University of Groningen

American History: Biographies: John Locke

For Students 9th - 10th Standards
The University of Groningen provides information about the 17th century British liberal philosopher. Includes concise biographical information and a link to the text of "A Letter Concerning Toleration." Read about what part of his...
Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Thomas Hobbes

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy provides a comprehensive survey of the life and philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. It discusses his writings as well as his ideas on moral and political philosophy.
Handout
Oregon State University

Oregon State University: Montesquieu Timeline

For Students 9th - 10th
This site provides a timeline of the significant events in the life of Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, author of "The Spirits of the Laws." There are also links to a bibliography.
Website
Oregon State University

Oregon State University: John Locke

For Students 9th - 10th
This Oregon State University site details the life of the great philosopher John Locke. The site provides a brief bio of Locke, information on his writings such as the Two Treatises of Civil Government, as well as a timeline of his life...
Article
University of Groningen

American History: Essays: Philosophy and Literature: Intellectual Climate

For Students 9th - 10th
Discusses the intellectual atmosphere in the 1800s as America struggled to find its identity. The influences of the Enlightenment and Romanticism are described, and the ideas of various writers and philosophers.
Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: John Locke (1632 1704)

For Students 9th - 10th
Extensive overview of the English philosopher covers his studies, particularly in medicine, and his published works. Includes a bibliography.
Activity
Constitutional Rights Foundation

Constitutional Rights Foundation: Developments in Democracy

For Students 9th - 10th
Learning activity in which students study the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Lesson includes individual, group and whole class activity in which students write, discuss and debate the role...
Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

For Students 9th - 10th
Excellent, lengthy explanation of Leibniz's metaphysics. Divided into ten sections addressing his major ideas: monads, sufficient reason, necessary being, and substance, among others. Includes several diagrams to help explain the idea of...
eBook
CK-12 Foundation

Ck 12: Philosophy

For Students 9th - 10th
Flexbooks 2.0 are interactive, customizable, digital textbooks. Flexbooks are standards-aligned. Flexi, a student tutor, is integrated into each book to guide you on your learning journey. Flexi can assist in learning, answer questions,...
Handout
Rice University

Rice University: Mandragola

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from The Galileo Project of Rice University provides a description of Machiavelli's classical comedy, Mandragola. Links are provided for additional information and this is a great site to check out.
Handout
Other

Aristotle

For Students 9th - 10th
A discussion of the beliefs of Aristotle, his contributions to logic, and why he had to flee Athens at the time of Alexander's death.