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University of California

The Civil War: Secession of the South

For Students 8th Standards
Was the Southern states' decision to secede from the Union protected by the United States Constitution? Eighth graders discuss the constitutionality of the South's justification for secession, particularly the secession of South...
Handout
University of Missouri

Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: Connecticut

For Students 9th - 10th
Information about Connecticut's delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Includes information on Oliver Ellsworth, a key supporter of the Great Compromise, as well as William Samuel Johnson and Roger Sherman.
Handout
The History Cat

The History Cat: The Constitutional Convention: Creating the Constitution

For Students 9th - 10th
Explains why the Articles of Confederation were not strong enough to hold the country together. One result was a farmers' rebellion in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays, which was precipitated by a debt crisis that caused many farmers to...
Handout
Teaching American History

Teaching American History: Constitutional Convention: Delegates: Biographies

For Students 9th - 10th
Illustrated biographical sketches of delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, organized by state delegation.
Handout
University of Groningen

American History: Outlines: Constitutional Convention

For Students 9th - 10th
George Washington wrote of the period between the Treaty of Paris and the writing of the Constitution that the states were united only by a "rope of sand."Disputes between Maryland and Virginia over navigation on the Potomac River led to...
Handout
Texas State Library and Archives Commission

Texas State Library and Archives Commission: Forever Free: The 1870s: The Constitutional Convention of 1875

For Students 9th - 10th
A Constitutional Convention was held in Texas in 1875 as a reaction to Reconstruction. See how the gains made by the Republican Party, which included African American legislators, were negated by the Democratic Party when it gained control.
Handout
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Colonial Williamsburgh: Meet the People: George Wythe

For Students 9th - 10th
A short biographical sketch on George Wythe, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Virginia.
Handout
Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press.

New Georgia Encyclopedia: The Butler Family

For Students 9th - 10th
An entry on the Butler family who owned large plantations on the Sea Islands. The "patriarch" was Pierce Butler who also served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.
Handout
Other

George Mason: Architect of Constitutional Liberty

For Students 9th - 10th
A scholarly article on the life of George Mason, a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention. Mason is also considered the father of the Bill of Rights.
Handout
State Library of North Carolina

N Cpedia: 1835 Constitutional Convention

For Students 4th - 8th
Reforming the state's constitution was one of the most important and hotly debated political issues in antebellum North Carolina. The state's constitution of 1776, which remained largely unchanged until the convention of 1835, had...
Handout
US National Archives

Nara: Founding Fathers: North Carolina

For Students 9th - 10th
Gives biographical details on the five delegates from North Carolina to the Constitutional Convention: William Blount, William Richard Davie, Alexander Martin, Richard Dobbs Spaight Sr., and Hugh Williamson.
Handout
Princeton University

Princeton University: William Paterson

For Students 9th - 10th
A magazine article devoted to Princeton University offers a biography of its distinguished alumnus, who later became Governor of New Jersey and co-authored the New Jersey Plan which was presented to the Constitutional Convention.
Handout
University of Groningen

American History: Biographies: Caleb Strong 1745 1819

For Students 9th - 10th
Strong was born to Caleb and Phebe Strong on January 9, 1745 in Northampton, MA. He received his college education at Harvard, from which he graduated with highest honors in 1764. Like so many of the delegates to the Constitutional...
Handout
University of Groningen

American History: Biographies: Luther Martin 1748 1826

For Students 9th - 10th
Like many of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention, Luther Martin attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), from which he graduated with honors in 1766. Though born in Brunswick, NJ., in 1748, Martin moved to...
Handout
Other

Charleston County Public Library: Charles Pinckney and the U. S. Constitution

For Students 9th - 10th
A good biography on Pinckney and his role in the formation of the Constitution.
Handout
State Library of North Carolina

N Cpedia: Convention of 1835

For Students 4th - 8th
The constitutional convention of 1835 was convened to modify the North Carolina Constitution of 1776. Some provisions of the 1776 document were rooted in the colonial experience, and a growing segment of the population came to consider...
Handout
US Senate

Vice Presidents of the United States: Elbridge Gerry

For Students 9th - 10th
A very nice biography of the fifth vice president of the United States, Elbridge Gerry. Gerry died in office in 1814.
Handout
Library of Congress

Loc: Biographical Directory of the u.s. Congress: Oliver Ellsworth

For Students 9th - 10th
A brief biography of Oliver Ellsworth, the delegate from Connecticut to the Constitutional Convention. He also served as a senator and as a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Handout
Library of Congress

Loc: Biographical Directory of the u.s. Congress: William Few

For Students 9th - 10th
A brief biography of William Few, a delegate from Georgia to the Constitutional Convention, and a former member of the United States Senate.
Handout
US Army Center

U.s. Army Center of Military History: Richard Dobbs Spaight

For Students 9th - 10th
A biography of this delegate from North Carolina to the Constitutional Convention. He was a strong federalist and helped with persuading North Carolina to endorse the new constitution. He later served as a Congressman.
Handout
Other

Gunning Bedford, Jr.

For Students 9th - 10th
A brief description of the life of Gunning Bedford, Jr. (1747-1812 CE). He was a delegate from Delaware to the Constitutional Convention. There is a nice portrait included.
Handout
Soylent Communications

Notable Names Database: James Wilson

For Students 9th - 10th
A short but detailed biography of this delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania. Wilson later served as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
Handout
Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press.

New Georgia Encyclopedia: Georgia Encyclopedia: William Few Jr.

For Students 9th - 10th
This resource offers a brief biographical entry on a delegate from Georgia to the Constitutional Convention, William Few, Jr., who later served as a United States Senator.
Handout
US National Archives

Nara: Founding Fathers: New Jersey

For Students 9th - 10th
Gives biographical details on the five delegates from New Jersey to the Constitutional Convention: David Brearly, Jonathan Dayton, William C. Houston, William Livingston, and William Patterson.