Last time we learned about the Enlightenment, and the philosophers and thinkers whose ideas would shape governance for hundred of years. This week, we're learning how monarchs across Europe were influenced by those ideas. Adoption of...

In the aftermath of the revolutions and upheaval in 18th and early 19th century Europe, there was a hunger for reform across the continent. Reformers like Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Auguste Comte proposed radical new ideas, and at...

In 1848, Europe experienced a wave of revolutions. Last week we covered some of the reform movements that presaged these uprisings. This week, we're learning about what the people wanted from the revolutions, who was involved, and how...

In 1848, following unrest in Berlin, King Frederick William of Prussia reasserted control, dispersing the Prussian assembly with military force and implementing a conservative constitution. Meanwhile, Otto von Bismarck and Louis...

In the spring of 1848, conservative governments across Europe began to counter the revolutionary wave that had spread rapidly. In Prague, Czech students clashed with Austrian forces, while in Italy, King Carlo Alberto of...

By 1848, Europe was engulfed in revolutionary fervor, driven by demands for democratic reforms and national autonomy. While some countries embraced change, like Denmark and the Netherlands, others, such as Russia under Emperor Nicholas...

In 1848, amid growing economic crisis and widespread dissatisfaction with King Louis-Philippe's rule, revolution broke out in France. Protests escalated into violent confrontations, forcing the king to abdicate and flee, leading...

The revolutionary fervor of 1848 spread across Europe, driven by the lingering impact of Napoleon and the French Revolution. Liberals and nationalists, frustrated with the reactionary post-1815 conservative order, sought greater...

In March, the German national parliament in Frankfurt finalized a constitution for a united Germany, proposing a constitutional monarchy under Frederick William of Prussia. However, when Frederick declined the offer, citing a lack of...

The revolutions of 1848 created nationalism as we know it. In this episode on world-revolutions, we look at the causes and effects of this temultous time in history. Through YouTube's cowardice, this video has been demonetized, pending...

Watch a video introduction to Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings, narrated by Sting. Celebrated as one of America's preeminent landscape painters, Thomas Cole (1801–1848) was born in northern England at the start of the Industrial...