Read about the reasons for the extensive black migration to Kansas, especially in the 1870s. These emigrants were called Exodusters. From the National Park Service.

These seven letters to the Chicago "Defender," a black newspaper, offer accounts from individuals who chose to leave the South from 1916-1921 in search of better opportunities as a part of what is now known as the Great Migration.

An analysis of the reasons why blacks moved north around the time of World War I. An article by Emmett J. Scott (1873-1957), who for a time served as Booker T. Washington's personal secretary, is linked to this resource.

The Library of Congress surveys the migration of African Americans to out of the South after the Civil War. Features include statistics, maps, and reasons for the migration.

Known as the American Black Bear or commonly the Black Bear, information is detailed on its appearance, weight, migration patterns, food sources, major predators and breeding. This is an excellent resource for the student researcher.

Read about the reasons for the Great Migration of African Americans from the Deep Sourth to northern cities in the first few decades of the 20th century. After the Great Depression, the migration numbers increased again. Find out what...

The resources here, including letters, photographs, official documents, and maps, represent the exodus of African Americans from the South to the Great Plains in the late 1800s.

An encyclopedia entry which tells about Robert Abbott, a black newspaper publisher in Chicago. There is a link to a website that gives more information.

Contains text and photos on the African-American exodus to the West. Includes primary source documents and maps from the era.

A good look at the role of the church and religion in the history of African Americans. Find out the church's importance in the abolition movement and the civil rights movement.

An analysis of the 1919 Chicago race riot and a description of African American life in Chicago. One analysis is provided by Charles Johnson, editor of the Urban League's magazine Opportunity, describing the problems that beset black...

A good description of the role of African Americans in World War I and their hopes for less discrimination. Read about the migration to cities in the north, the soldiers who fought in the war, but also the racial violence and riots as a...

A short story and a painting illustrating African American perceptions of Northern cities. Rudolph Fisher's short story "The City of Refuge" and William H. Johnson's painting Moon over Harlem offer insight into life within the black...

This site has many photos from the Carlos de Wendler-Funaro Gypsy Research Collection. The site is an introduction to several groups of people from other countries who refer to themselves as "gypsies" in English. Each group, which has a...

Photographs and an address that illustrate the role Africa played in black identity in the late-nineteenth century. This article compares Rev. Henry McNeal Turner's "back to Africa" campaign with the Exoduster migration to Kansas led by...