Read about the black codes in various states enacted as a result of Johnson's lenient Reconstruction plans. From "Trial by Fire, A People's History of the Civil War and Reconstruction" by Paige Smith.

Discusses the Black Codes that white Southerners imposed on African Americans after the Civil War and the efforts by Republican politicians to protect their rights.

Discusses what life was like for African Americans who were freed from slavery after the Civil War. Includes questions for students.

Looks at how Southerners continued to discriminate against blacks after the Civil War through Black Codes, or Jim Crow laws, which permitted practices such as segregation in public places and requiring literacy tests in order to vote.

This resource provides a timeline of the Reconstruction era in the South.

Provides a discussion of what life was like for African Americans after slavery ended, focusing on the Freedman's Bureau, Freedman schools, and the Ku Klux Klan.

The story of Rosa Parks, whose simple action of refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person galvanized black people into standing up against racial discrimination. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.