Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a high-resolution technique for separating proteins based on their isoelectric points, utilizing electric fields to focus molecules into sharp zones within a pH gradient. The pH gradient, created using...

Proteins, composed of amphoteric amino acids, can carry different net charges depending on the pH of their environment. The pH at which a protein has no net charge is called its isoelectric point (pI), and this varies between proteins...

An amphoteric species, like water, can act as both an acid and a base depending on the chemical environment, as described by Brønsted-Lowry Theory. Water accepts a proton to act as a base (e.g., with HCl) and donates a proton to act as...