NaCl, a perfect ionic crystal, has an alternating pattern of Na+ cations and Cl- anions. When heated, some Cl- anions can be lost, leaving anionic vacancies. These vacancies are occupied by electrons, creating F-centers, which are...

Solar physicist Jenny Nelson, Imperial College, describes how we know that there is a basic limitation of efficiency of energy conversion of a solar cell that follows from our understanding of the panchromatic nature of the sun.

Basics of Power Electronics - Walid Issa<br/>
20 Power Diodes Types | Power Electronics

It explains the Zener diode as voltage regulator, t explains about LED and its advantages, Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode and its IV characteristics and solar cell.

Why do some substances conduct electricity, while others do not? And what is a semiconductor? If we aim to learn about engineering and technology, this will be a very important concept, so let's go through the basics now!