Bozeman Science
Magnetic Dipole Moment
The magnetic dipole moment is the torque experienced by a material placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic dipole is an intrinsic property at the magnet, domain, atom, and electron level. A magnetic dipole creates magnetic fields that...
Bozeman Science
Redox Reactions
In this video Paul Andersen explains how redox reactions are driven by the movement of electrons from the substance that is oxidized to the substance that is reduced. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gaining of...
Bozeman Science
Electric Charge
In this video Paul Andersen introduces electric charge. Electric charge has been studies by humans and was generalized by scientists such as Benjamin Franklin. The amount of charge in a system is conserved but individual charges can move...
Bozeman Science
Agriculture
In this video Paul Andersen describes the pros and cons of industrial agriculture including: monocropping, irrigation, and the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and GMOs.
Bozeman Science
The Rate Constant
In this video Paul Andersen describes the characteristics of the rate constant in chemical reactions. The rate constant is highly variable in reactions and must be determined experimentally. The rate constant is dependent on both...
Bozeman Science
Electric Field of a Dipole
In this video Paul Andersen explains how vector addition can be used to determine the electric field of a dipole.
Bozeman Science
Water: A Polar Molecule
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the polarity of water makes life on the planet possible. Oxygen is highly electronegative and pulls the electrons closely creating a partial negative charge. The polarity of water (and the...
Bozeman Science
Energy Changing Processes
In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can enter and leave a system. The amount of energy a substance can receive through heating or lose through cooling is measured using the specific heat capacity. Phase changing energy from...
Bozeman Science
Doppler Effect
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the perceived frequency of a source depends on the motion of both the source and the observer. As a source approaches an observer the frequency will increase and as it moves away it will decrease....
Bozeman Science
Elementary Reactions
In this video Paul Andersen explains that elementary reactions are steps within a larger reaction mechanism. Colliding molecules require sufficient energy and proper orientation to break bonds and form new bonds. A unimolecular reaction...
Bozeman Science
Activation Energy
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the activation energy is a measure of the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Due to the collision theory the activation energy requires proper energy and orientation of...
Bozeman Science
Spontaneous Processes
In this video Paul Andersen discriminates between spontaneous (or thermodynamically favored) processes and those that are not spontaneous. A spontaneous process requires no external energy source. If the enthalpy change in a reaction is...
Bozeman Science
Conservation of Electric Charge
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the conservation of charge applies to objects in a system. When a charged object induces charge or conducts charge to a neutral object the net total of charge will not change. Grounding allows...
Bozeman Science
Wave Period and Frequency
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the period is the time between wave and the frequency is the number of waves per second. Period is measured in seconds and frequency is measured in Hertz. Wave period and wave frequency are...
Bozeman Science
Elementary Charge
In this video Paul Andersen explains how electric charge is quantized and how the smallest unit of charge is 1.6x10^-19 C, or the elementary charge. Robert Millikan discovered the elementary charge using the oil drop experiment....
Bozeman Science
Magnetic Domains
In this video Paul Andersen explains how magnetic domains act as tiny magnets within ferromagnetic material.
Bozeman Science
Spacetime
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the dimensions of space and time are combined in relativistic mechanics. Gravity and velocity can affect both space and time according to Albert Einstein's Special Law of Relativity.
Bozeman Science
Biogeochemical Cycles
In this video Paul Andersen explains how biogeochemical cycles move required nutrients through the abiotic and biotic spheres on our planet. Matter on the Earth is conserved so producers must receive required nutrients through the water...
Bozeman Science
Hardy-Weinberg Punnett Square
In this video Paul Andersen explains how you can combine the power of a Punnett square for an entire gene pool. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will remains constant under several constrains and the probability square makes the information...
Bozeman Science
Kinetic Theory and Temperature
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the macroscopic measure of temperature can be related to the average kinetic energy of molecules in motion. The Boltzmann constant and distribution can be used to calculate the root mean square...
Bozeman Science
Air Pollution
In this video Paul Andersen explains how air pollution is any chemicals in the atmosphere that negatively affect human health. Primary pollutants (like CO, VOCs, NOx, SO2, PM, and Lead) as well as secondary pollutants (like Ozone, nitric...
Bozeman Science
Kirchhoff's Junction Rule
In this video Paul Andersen explains how Kirchhoff's Junction Rule can be applied to series and parallel circuits. Kirchhoff's Junction Rule is an application of the conservation of charge. The current into a junction will always equal...
Bozeman Science
Equipotential Lines
In this video Paul Andersen explains how equipotential lines show equal electric potential in an electric field. Equipotential lines can be created from scalar values or by observing the electric field lines. An charged object can move...
Bozeman Science
Student's t-test
In this video Paul Andersen explains how to run the student's t-test on a set of data. He starts by explaining conceptually how a t-value can be used to determine the statistical difference between two samples. He then shows you how to...