If you’ve been paying attention so far in this series, you’ve probably heard of benzene. This molecule is flat, cyclic, and belongs to a special class of compounds known as aromatics. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry,...

Formal Charge Made Simple: A Guide to Molecular Stability Formal charge is a bookkeeping tool used to estimate the charge distribution within a molecule. It is calculated by comparing the number of valence electrons in an atom's free...

Lewis structures are diagrams that represent the bonding between atoms in a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist. These structures are crucial in understanding how atoms share or transfer electrons to form stable...

Electronegativity differences between atoms determine the type of bond: ionic bonds form when the difference is large, while covalent bonds form with similar electronegativity.