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Carbon: Introduction
Carbon occurs naturally in four different forms. Discover how they differ and why? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Carbon is present in all living organisms. Carbon in its elemental form appears as four distinct...
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Oxygen and Combustion
Combustion reactions are vital: from keeping us warm and cooking our food, to providing electricity and propelling rockets into outer space. What do we know about these chemical reactions? Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points....
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Bottled Water: The True Cost
What is the expense, and environmental cost, of bottling water when tap water is freely available? Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. Bottled water is up to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water. Bottled water has...
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Palm Oil: Biofuel of the Future?
Explore whether the production of palm-oil biodiesel is sustainable. Do the positive impacts for farmers and consumers outweigh the negative impacts on the rainforest environment? Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. Palm...
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The Carbon Family - Carbon Footprint
Welcome to the home of the Carbon family. Discover how much carbon they - and many average families - use every single year. Human Geography - A Changing World - Learning Points. 50% of CO2 produced by humans comes from...
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Carbon Capture: Phytoplankton
Phytoplankon - microscopic marine plants - could help prevent global warming. How would they do this? And is it right for man to interfere with nature in a bid to save the planet? Human Geography - A Changing World - Learning Points....
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The Future Carbon Family
What changes can the Carbon Family make in daily life to substantially decrease their carbon footprint? Everyday changes that could make the world of difference to our planet's climate. Human Geography - A Changing World - Learning...
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Nanotechnology: What is It?
Still in its early stages, nanotechnology has the potential to change our world. What is it and how could it be used in the future? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Nanotechnology is engineering on the smallest scale....
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Food Basics: Proteins
Proteins are at the root of virtually all bodily functions, from growth to metabolism to transporting oxygen around the body. Learn how your body makes or ingests all the protein you need. Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning...
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Smoking: The Damage
Find out more about the range of toxins in cigarettes and the serious damage they can cause to smoker's lungs. Biology - Human Body - Learning Points. Cigarette smoke damages the lungs. The chemicals in cigarettes irritate the lung...
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Esters and Perfumes
Esters occur in nature and have been harnessed by the perfume industry. What are esters and how are they made and used? Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning Points. Esters give many fruits their scents, including bananas, lavender...
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Carbon: Buckminsterfullerene
Discovered in 1985, Buckminsterfullerene has some fascinating characteristics. What is it and how is it shaping the future of chemistry? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. In the 1980s, a new carbon allotraope was found -...
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Reactivity Series: Reactive Metals
The discovery and uses of reactive metals throughout history, and how their uses have defined the period in which they were discovered. Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. The reactivity series ranks the chemical reactivity of...
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The Carbon Cycle
Through organic matter, rocks and the oceans, the element central to all life on Earth is constantly on the move. Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. The carbon cycle is a transfer of carbon between living matter and the...
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Carbon: Synthetic Diamonds
Diamonds take millions of years to form within the Earth's mantle, but now scientists are trying to produce them synthetically. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Diamonds take a long time to form in the Earth's mantle....
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Chemical Filtration
We look at how chemical filtration can be used to remove contaminants from water. Potassium permanganate is used as the contaminant. First, we try to remove it using physical filtration, with filter paper and a funnel. This does not...
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Extracting Lead
We discover how to extract lead from lead(II) oxide. We mix lead(II) oxide with charcoal powder and then heat the mixture using a Bunsen burner. It glows bright red as a reaction occurs and after a few minutes we are left with pure lead....
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What is an Atom?
From our bodies to the oceans and stars, everything is made of millions upon millions of tiny atoms. But what are atoms made of? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. The building blocks of all elements are called atoms. Atoms...
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Extraction of Aluminium
Explore the difficulties of extracting aluminium from its ore, and how the vast quantities of heat and electricity generated by electrolysis allow this to happen. Chemistry - ReactionsLearning Points. Aluminium is difficult to extract...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Redox Reactions
For centuries, humans have been extracting metals from molten ores. Today, the basic technique remains the same, but how does extraction work? Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Metals can be extracted from rocks if they are heated...
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Forensics: Bog Bodies
A look at the ancient preserved bodies that forensic scientists can examine in order to gain a better understanding of our ancient past. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Forensic scientists can help us understand our...
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Nanotechnology: Is It Safe?
Nanotechnology is already widely used, but some scientists are warning it could prove dangerous in future. Why? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Nanomaterials take on very different properties to their larger particles....
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Geothermal Power
The heat at the centre of our planet could fulfil all of our energy needs. Find out how some are already utilising geothermal power. Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. Geothermal power is obtained from heat within the...