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Reactivity Series: Reactive Metals
The discovery and uses of reactive metals throughout history, and how their uses have defined the period in which they were discovered. Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. The reactivity series ranks the chemical reactivity of...
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The Carbon Cycle
Through organic matter, rocks and the oceans, the element central to all life on Earth is constantly on the move. Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. The carbon cycle is a transfer of carbon between living matter and the...
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Carbon: Synthetic Diamonds
Diamonds take millions of years to form within the Earth's mantle, but now scientists are trying to produce them synthetically. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Diamonds take a long time to form in the Earth's mantle....
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Chemical Filtration
We look at how chemical filtration can be used to remove contaminants from water. Potassium permanganate is used as the contaminant. First, we try to remove it using physical filtration, with filter paper and a funnel. This does not...
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Extracting Lead
We discover how to extract lead from lead(II) oxide. We mix lead(II) oxide with charcoal powder and then heat the mixture using a Bunsen burner. It glows bright red as a reaction occurs and after a few minutes we are left with pure lead....
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What is an Atom?
From our bodies to the oceans and stars, everything is made of millions upon millions of tiny atoms. But what are atoms made of? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. The building blocks of all elements are called atoms. Atoms...
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Extraction of Aluminium
Explore the difficulties of extracting aluminium from its ore, and how the vast quantities of heat and electricity generated by electrolysis allow this to happen. Chemistry - ReactionsLearning Points. Aluminium is difficult to extract...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Redox Reactions
For centuries, humans have been extracting metals from molten ores. Today, the basic technique remains the same, but how does extraction work? Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Metals can be extracted from rocks if they are heated...
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Forensics: Bog Bodies
A look at the ancient preserved bodies that forensic scientists can examine in order to gain a better understanding of our ancient past. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Forensic scientists can help us understand our...
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Nanotechnology: Is It Safe?
Nanotechnology is already widely used, but some scientists are warning it could prove dangerous in future. Why? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Nanomaterials take on very different properties to their larger particles....
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Geothermal Power
The heat at the centre of our planet could fulfil all of our energy needs. Find out how some are already utilising geothermal power. Earth Science - Earth's Resources - Learning Points. Geothermal power is obtained from heat within the...
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Carbon Trading
International governments have put caps in place to limit carbon dioxide emissions from industry. What are emissions caps and will they solve the problem? Human Geography - A Changing World - Learning Points. The percentage of carbon...
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Carbohydrate
Molecules such as sugar and starch, which form an important energy source for living organisms. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig...
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Natural and synthetic
Find out the difference between natural and synthetic materials, and how they are used. Material processes - Classifying materials - Natural and artificial materials Learning Points Natural materials can come directly from the Earth or...
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The Carbon Family - Reducing Emissions
Meet the Carbon family and discover why reducing our carbon emissions will help stop global warming. People and places -Future of energy - The future of energy Learning Points Making small changes at home can reduce carbon emissions. We...
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Fireworks
Fireworks are a feast for the senses, but what creates those amazing colours? Material processes - Changing materials - Burning Learning Points Burning requires oxygen, a fuel source and an ignition source. Burning is a chemical...
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VSEPR Theory: Learn Molecular Geometry Fast - Chemistry Study Guide
Struggling with VSEPR theory and molecular geometry? This video simplifies the concepts you need to master these essential chemistry topics. Learn how to draw Lewis structures with the correct geometry, understand bond angles, and...
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Learn How To Draw Lewis Structures Easily: 4 Simple Steps For Perfect Chemistry Diagrams Every Time
Never draw a Lewis Structure wrong again! In this video, we’ll show you 4 simple steps to master the art of drawing Lewis Structures—an essential skill in chemistry that helps explain molecular behavior and the chemical and physical...
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Polar And Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Easy Explanation With Examples - Chemistry Basics
Are you struggling to understand the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? This video explains these important chemistry concepts with simple explanations and clear examples. Learn how electronegativity affects bond...
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Newman Projections of Cycloalkanes: See Molecules in 3D!
Newman projections are a powerful tool for visualizing the three-dimensional conformations of cycloalkanes. By looking down the axis of a particular bond, this projection allows chemists to depict the spatial arrangement of atoms and...
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Biphenyls & Optical Isomerism: When Planes Matter
Biphenyls are compounds consisting of two benzene rings connected by a single bond. In certain biphenyls, bulky substituents on the ortho positions of the rings can prevent free rotation around the bond, locking the rings in different...
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Stereoisomerism: Unlocking the Secrets of Molecular Twins
Stereoisomerism refers to isomers that have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of their atoms. This type of isomerism includes both geometrical isomers and optical isomers....
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Functional Isomerism & Metamerism: Discovering Molecular Twins
Functional isomerism occurs when compounds with the same molecular formula have different functional groups. For instance, ethanol (an alcohol) and dimethyl ether (an ether) share the formula 𝐶2𝐻6𝑂C2H6O but differ in their functional...