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Collision Theory
Discover that altering the number of successful collisions between particles is key to changing the rate of chemical reactions. How this can be manipulated? Chemistry - ReactionsLearning Points. New substances are made when particles...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Forces of Nature
Introducing the four main forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, weak and strong nuclear forces. Learn why they are fundamental to life on Earth. Physics - Forces - Learning Points. There are four fundamental forces of nature....
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Introduction to Chemical Bonding
The basic ways elements combine to create compounds, fundamental to life as we know it. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. They fall into two categories: metals and non-metals....
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The Halogens
Halogens are hazardous to human life, yet they can also be very useful. How do they react when they meet other elements? Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. The halogens are the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table. The...
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Northern Lights
Discover how the chemical reactions which produce the extraordinary colours of the Northern Lights have their origins in outer space. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, is a natural...
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Neutron star
An extremely dense star formed when a giant star called a supernova explodes. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary...
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Intermolecular force
A weak attractive force between molecules, much weaker than the chemical bonds that hold atoms together within molecules. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise...
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Strong nuclear force
The force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary...
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Molecular mass
The mass of one molecule of a substance. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce abstract concepts and key...
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What is everything made of?
Everything is made of the same thing – tiny building blocks called atoms. The world around us - Exploring materials - What is everything made of? Learning Points Everything is made of atoms. Atoms are very small, so they can’t be seen by...
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Supermarket solids and liquids
Take a trip to the supermarket to see the differences between solids and liquids. The world around us - Exploring materials - What is everything made of? Learning Points Things can be identified as solids or liquids. Solids keep their...
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Thermal conductors
Why does metal expand when it gets hot? Material processes - Changing materials - Expansion and conduction Learning Points Conductors are materials that allow energy to flow easily through them. Thermal conductors allow heat energy to...
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¿Qué es un átomo?
Los átomos son partículas diminutas que componen todo en el universo, incluyendo nuestro cuerpo, con aproximadamente 7 mil millones de billones de átomos en cada persona. Un átomo tiene un núcleo central con protones (positivos) y...
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Polar And Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Easy Explanation With Examples - Chemistry Basics
Are you struggling to understand the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? This video explains these important chemistry concepts with simple explanations and clear examples. Learn how electronegativity affects bond...
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एक परमाणु क्या है | मामला | भौतिक विज्ञान | FuseSchool Hindi
इस वीडियो में हम एग्ज़ॉथर्मिक और एंडॉथर्मिक प्रतिक्रियाओं के बीच के मुख्य अंतर को समझेंगे। एग्ज़ॉथर्मिक प्रतिक्रियाएं ऊर्जा को वातावरण में छोड़ती हैं, जिससे तापमान बढ़ता है, जबकि एंडॉथर्मिक प्रतिक्रियाएं ऊर्जा को अपने परिवेश से अवशोषित...
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Symmetry and Optical Activity: Do Your Molecules Have It?
Symmetry and optical activity are intricately linked in organic molecules. A molecule is optically active if it can rotate the plane of polarized light. Optical activity arises from the molecule’s lack of symmetry—specifically, its...
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Conditions for Optical Activity: When Molecules Twist Light
For a molecule to exhibit optical activity, it must be chiral, meaning it has no internal plane of symmetry. Additionally, the solution or compound should not contain equal amounts of enantiomers (racemic mixture), as these cancel out...
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Chirality in Organic Compounds: Asymmetry in Action
Chirality refers to molecules that have a non-superimposable mirror image due to an asymmetric carbon atom. These chiral compounds are vital in many biological systems, as their mirror images often have different effects
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Chain & Positional Isomerism: Same Formula, Different Shape!
Chain and positional isomerism are types of structural isomerism in organic chemistry, where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures. In chain isomerism, the carbon backbone differs in branching; for example,...
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Rules for Writing Resonating Structures: Get Them Right!
When writing resonance structures, it's essential to follow certain rules: only electrons move, not atoms; all structures must have valid bonding; and charges should be minimized. These guidelines ensure resonance structures accurately...
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Electron Withdrawal (-M): The Nitrobenzene Effect
The -M effect involves electron withdrawal through resonance. In nitrobenzene, the nitro group pulls electron density away from the benzene ring, decreasing electron density and making the ring less reactive in electrophilic substitution...
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Electron Push and Pull: Inductive Effects Explained
The inductive effect is all about how atoms in a molecule affect electron distribution. Electron-withdrawing groups, like halogens, pull electrons through sigma bonds, reducing electron density in adjacent atoms. Conversely,...
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Bond Fission Explained: Homolytic vs. Heterolytic Splits
Bond fission, the process of breaking chemical bonds, can occur in two ways: homolytic and heterolytic. In homolytic fission, the bond breaks evenly, with each atom receiving one electron, resulting in the formation of free radicals. In...