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Citrus Fruit Battery
We use lemons and strips of zinc and copper to make a battery. First, strips of copper and zinc are added to one lemon and they are connected across a voltmeter. This is repeated, this time with more lemons and metal plates, until a...
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Capillary Action
Water is added to dry and bent matchsticks to let us see capillary action at work. The wood absorbs the water causing the matchsticks to straighten. Biology - Plants - Learning Points. Water is a polar molecule because the electrons are...
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Balloon and Treacle
We investigate the effect that unbalanced charge has on polar molecules. We rub a balloon against hair to build up a negative charge and then hold this near a stream of water and then a stream of treacle. They both bend towards the...
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Van de Graaff Generator
We use a Van de Graaff generator to investigate static electricity. The generator is turned on and we see a spark move between the two domes. We then place a wig on the main dome and see the hair rise as the charge builds and the hairs...
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Oscillating Colour Change
We use three chemical solutions to create an oscillating reaction. The three different solutions are mixed using a magnetic stirrer and the colour changes from clear to amber to dark blue. This pattern repeats as the concentrations of...
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Flame Test
We use a Bunsen burner to burn different chemical salts to see how the flame colour changes. This shows that sodium burns with a yellow flame, lithium burns with a red flame, barium burns with a yellow-green flame and copper burns with a...
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Dry Ice and Magnesium
We use magnesium and blocks of dry ice to show how a redox reaction occurs. A cavity in a block of dry ice is filled with coils of magnesium ribbon, which are set alight. A second block is then placed on top, but instead of this putting...
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Ionic Bonding
How metals and non-metals combine to form compounds with unique and very different properties. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. An electrically charged atom is called an ion. Ionic bonds are very strong. Ions are formed...
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What is an Atom?
From our bodies to the oceans and stars, everything is made of millions upon millions of tiny atoms. But what are atoms made of? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. The building blocks of all elements are called atoms. Atoms...
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Silver Tree
We demonstrate a displacement reaction using silver nitrate and copper. A tree-shaped piece of copper is submerged in silver nitrate solution. The silver ions displace the copper and the tree slowly becomes coated with silver metal. At...
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Atomic Structure
What does the Periodic Table tell us about the elements, their properties and behaviours? And why does the atomic number define each element? Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. The structure of the atom reveals why the...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Forces of Nature
Introducing the four main forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, weak and strong nuclear forces. Learn why they are fundamental to life on Earth. Physics - Forces - Learning Points. There are four fundamental forces of nature....
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The Halogens
Halogens are hazardous to human life, yet they can also be very useful. How do they react when they meet other elements? Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. The halogens are the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table. The...
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Northern Lights
Discover how the chemical reactions which produce the extraordinary colours of the Northern Lights have their origins in outer space. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, is a natural...
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Ionic bond
Very strong chemical bonds between oppositely charged ions. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce...
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Atomic mass
The mass of a specific atom, given for the specific isotope of an element. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films...
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Neutron star
An extremely dense star formed when a giant star called a supernova explodes. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary...
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Energy level
Electrons within atoms are arranged in specific energy states, called energy levels. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science...
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Intermolecular force
A weak attractive force between molecules, much weaker than the chemical bonds that hold atoms together within molecules. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise...
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Anode
An anode is the terminal from which electrons leave a system. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce...
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Combustion
Or burning, a chemical reaction that requires an initial source of heat, a fuel, and an oxidising agent such as oxygen, and releases energy as heat, and often light. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60...
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Solar wind
A stream of charged particles, mainly electrons and protons, emitted from the Sun's outer atmosphere at up to 900 kilometres per second. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images...
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What is Electricity? - Power Basics
Explore in simple terms what electricity is, how it is created and how it travels to our homes. Physical processes - Electricity and magnetism - Electricity Learning Points Electricity is a form of energy. Electricity is the flow of...