{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Why the Sun Shines: The Quantum Explanation' data-url='/boclips/videos/689b21c2617909e174de272a' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/689b21c2617909e174de272a' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nWhy the Sun Shines: The Quantum Explanation\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eThe mass of the sun was well understood, and translates to about 10^57 atoms. This leads to a lifetime of the sun of about 20,000 years. But we know the sun is at least 4.5 billion years old. So where does the sun's energy come from?...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eThe mass of the sun was well understood, and translates to about 10^57 atoms. This leads to a lifetime of the sun of about 20,000 years. But we know the sun is at least 4.5 billion years old. So where does the sun's energy come from? from: E=MC^2, which tells us that energy and mass are equivalent. If the sun could convert all its mass 2 x 10^30 kg to energy, it would burn for 15 trillion years!\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eBut the sun doesn’t convert all its energy to mass. It converts only about 0.7 percent of its mass to energy in a process called fusion.  This is when 4 hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom. And using this process, the sun will last approximately, 10 billion years. It is already middle aged. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eSo how does fusion work? You would think that since the protons that make up the nuclei of the 4 hydrogen atoms are positively charged, they would repel each other. This is true, due to the coulomb force. This is what keeps atoms from spontaneously fusing. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe protons have to overcome an energy barrier. Once they get over this barrier, and get very close to each other, the strong nuclear force takes over and glues them together. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe strong nuclear force is about 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force pushing protons apart, but it acts at only a very short range – about the width of the proton. So how do the protons get close enough for this to happen?\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eInside stars extreme temperature, about 15 million degrees Celsius, rips atoms into their components: protons, neutrons and electrons. Extreme pressures also force these components to be close together. This gets fusion started, but to keep things going, the sun uses quantum tunneling. This is due to the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn the hydrogen to helium fusion process, first two protons fuse. Usually, the pair breaks apart again immediately, but once in a while one of the protons is transmuted into a neutron. This happens due to the weak nuclear force in a process called beta decay. A neutron turns into a proton by releasing a positron (anti-electron) and a neutrino.  The resulting proton-neutron pair is deuterium. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWhen the positron emitted from the beta decay encounters its antiparticle (an electron), the pair annihilates to form a gamma ray, which is the most energetic form of photons. Gamma rays eventually work their way up from the core of the sun and out into space in the form of sunlight. The deuterium nuclei can merge to form helium nuclei (He-4), or they can interact with other protons to make another isotope of helium (He-3). Two He-3 nuclei can fuse to make an unstable beryllium nucleus (Be-6) that breaks apart to give He-4 and two protons. Energy is released at each step.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eSo overall, we start with 4 hydrogen nuclei, or 4 protons, and end up one Helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. This is really a fusion of our 4 original protons. Two of them have just transmuted to neutrons in a beta decay.  \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eEnergy comes from mass being converted to energy. 2 neutrons and 2 neutrons separately weigh more than when they are together, about 0.7% more. And this difference is responsible for nearly all the energy that you see coming from the sun. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eHelium has higher binding energy than Hydrogen, which is the amount of energy needed to pull the nucleons apart. Hydrogen has zero binding energy because there is only one proton in the nucleus. There is nothing to pull it apart from. The difference in binding energy between Helium and hydrogen is the source of the energy released in the fusion process.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWhy are the 4 nucleons of helium more stable together than when they are separated apart?  Most of the mass does not come from the Higgs field. Only about 1% of the mass is due to the Higgs field. 99% comes from the strong force. The energy required to keep protons and neutrons bound together and keep the quarks bound to within the nucleon is where most of the mass of objects is located.\u003cbr/\u003e#fusion #sun #quantumphysics\u003cbr/\u003eThe helium atom with 4 nucleons is more stable than the nucleons on their own. That is the quantum mechanical explanation of why the sun shines.\u003cbr/\u003eOUTRO: \"Mysterious synth drum beat\" by Nicolas Antwi, BMI \u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'\u003eResource Details\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-resource-details clearfix'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003eCurator Rating\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\u003cspan class=\"star-rating\" aria-label=\"4.0 out of 5 stars\" 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