{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='How the Universe Breaks the Law of Energy Conservation' data-url='/boclips/videos/689565b2f85aec7d1d07d041' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/689565b2f85aec7d1d07d041' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nHow the Universe Breaks the Law of Energy Conservation\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eSUMMARYThe law of energy conservation may be the most fundamental law in physics. It says that overall energy is always conserved. It can never be created nor destroyed - it can only change form. But this law is probably violated by our...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eSUMMARY\u003cbr/\u003eThe law of energy conservation may be the most fundamental law in physics. It says that overall energy is always conserved. It can never be created nor destroyed - it can only change form. But this law is probably violated by our universe as a whole. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eSpecifically, the Energy Conservation law states that in an isolated system, that is a system in which no matter or energy enters or leaves, overall energy remains the same. Energy only changes form.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eBut isn't the entire universe  a well-defined isolated system? Since the universe if everything, shouldn’t it be the ultimate isolated system? It turns out that the answer not straightforward. If we want to include the whole universe, we have to include everything from the very small to the very large. Let’s start with the very small. The behavior at the micro-scale is described by quantum mechanics.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eAt the quantum level, the concept of energy conservation is explicitly defined. This is shown in the Schrodinger equation, which states that total energy is equal to kinetic energy plus potential energy. Energy is conserved according to this equation. So there is no problem at micro scales. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eBut at the largest scales, where  Einstein’s theory of general relativity applies, this is not the case. What his field equations show is that the derivative of the energy-momentum tensor is zero. So the simplified way to think of this is that the change in energy and momentum remains zero. This is called the principle of energy momentum conservation. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThis equation is not saying that energy stays the same, only that the combination of energy AND momentum remains the same. This means that energy can change, as long as the combination of energy and momentum doesn't change. So, it tells us that at large scales, energy is really not conserved in the universe. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eSeveral observations confirm this. First is the expansion of the universe. Empty space has energy. If the volume of this space is increasing then energy is increasing. We know that the energy density of spacetime doesn’t change, but energy density is energy over volume. If the volume increases, then energy also increases. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eAnother consequence of an expanding spacetime is the observed redshift. The light from distant galaxies is redshifted. As the universe expands, the wavelength of light also expands, which means it loses energy. So light is losing energy within an expanding spacetime from our perspective. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eCould it be that the energy that light waves lose turns into dark energy, thus conserving energy overall? The answer is no. I explain why in the video.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn an expanding universe, we don't even know what the size of the universe really is, so we can’t define what the isolated system would be. We only know the observable universe, which is about 94 billion light years in diameter. But there is a cosmic event horizon which is the end of this observable universe. We don't know how big big the universe is beyond this horizon. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIf the universe is infinite, then we would have to conclude that the universe likely does not conserve energy. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eEvan if the universe is not infinite, it is probably still the case that it is much much larger than the 94 billion year diameter that we observe. 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