{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='These tiny shells know how much ice there is on Earth' data-url='/boclips/videos/625f62328a9bcf4ac3d436f0' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/625f62328a9bcf4ac3d436f0' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nThese tiny shells know how much ice there is on Earth\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30358007\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30358007\"\u003eMinuteEarth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eForaminifera – tiny, single-celled marine life forms – build gorgeous houses that record how much ice there is on the planet. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron -...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eForaminifera – tiny, single-celled marine life forms – build gorgeous houses that record how much ice there is on the planet. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our \u003ca href='https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003epatron\u003c/a\u003e - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Foraminifera: a class of single-celled marine organisms – protists, not animals – that live either near the surface (\"planktonic foraminifera\") or on the seafloor (\"benthic foraminifera\"). Called forams for short. - Climate proxy: something that tells us what the climate was like in the past, such as data from the thickness of tree rings, the composition of gases trapped in ancient ice, historical human records of annual bloom times (eg the long-recorded bloom dates of cherry trees in Kyoto, Japan), or the ratios of certain stable isotopes found in shells, corals, or other biogenic substances - Oxygen-18: a stable isotope of oxygen that contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons, rather than the 8 protons and 8 neutrons of \"regular\" oxygen (oxygen-16). The ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seawater (and sea shells) can be used as a proxy for the global average temperature - Ice sheet: a permanent layer of ice covering land, as found in polar regions (and as distinguished from sea ice, like the stuff that floats at the north pole in the Arctic ocean). Combined, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contain more than 99% of the total freshwater ice on Earth. FUN LINKS *********** If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: The Tiniest Fossils by the \u003ca href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLSa8cGJixQ' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eAMNH -\u003c/a\u003e Orbulina feeding on \u003ca href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYQNt52tiVU' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eArtemia -\u003c/a\u003e Mysterious Web \u003ca href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0WbN34Mh7k' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eMasters -\u003c/a\u003e CREDITS ********* Script Writer: Emily Elert | Script Writer, Director \u0026 Narrator Kate Yoshida | Script Editor Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing \u0026 Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music Special thanks to Professor Lee Kump of Penn State University and Professor Howie Spero of UC-Davis for lending their advice, expertise, and patience to the making of this video! This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, \u003ca href='https://www.heisingsimons.org/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003evisit\u003c/a\u003e MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios \u003ca href='https://neptunestudios.info' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eLLC\u003c/a\u003e OUR STAFF ************ Emily Elert • David Goldenberg Henry Reich • Alex Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Kate Yoshida IMAGE CREDITS ***************** Cribrohantkenina inflata - Paul \u003ca href='https://museum.wales/articles/2007-08-03/Up-close-with-nature/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePearson\u003c/a\u003e Elphidium macellum, Bulimina and Calcarina hispida by foraminifera.\u003ca href='http://www.foraminifera.eu/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eeu\u003c/a\u003e Globigerina - Hannes \u003ca href='http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/planktonic-forminera.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eGrobe\u003c/a\u003e OUR LINKS ************ \u003ca href='https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eYoutube |\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eTikTok |\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eTwitter |\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='https://instagram.com/minute_earth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eInstagram |\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='https://facebook.com/Minuteearth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eFacebook |\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='https://minuteearth.com' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eWebsite |\u003c/a\u003e Apple \u003ca href='https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePodcasts|\u003c/a\u003e REFERENCES ************** Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., \u0026 Shackleton, N. J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270), 1121-1132. \u003ca href='http://science.sciencemag.org/content/194/4270/1121' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eAbstract\u003c/a\u003e Kendall, C., \u0026 McDonnell, J.J. (1998). Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry. In Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (pp. 51-86). Eds: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. \u003ca href='http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.3' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eLink\u003c/a\u003e Kucera, M. (2007). Planktonic Foraminifera as Tracers of Past Oceanic Environments. In Developments in Marine Geology, Volume 1, (pp. 213-262). \u003ca href='http://pmc.ucsc.edu/~apaytan/290A_Winter2014/pdfs/2007%20Proxies%20Chapter%20six.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eLink\u003c/a\u003e NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2015, published online January 2016, retrieved on November 28, 2016 \u003ca href='http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201513.' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003efrom\u003c/a\u003e Sachs, J., \u0026 Steig, E. (2010) Lecture on Isotopes and Air Temperature. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. \u003ca href='http://courses.washington.edu/proxies/AirTemperatureLecture2_2010.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eLink\u003c/a\u003e Shanahan, T. (2010). Lecture on Oxygen Isotopes. 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