{"page":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<div data-title='Why Are There Penguins At The Equator?' data-url='/boclips/videos/625f5d52d2bc4b47441fe4d7' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/625f5d52d2bc4b47441fe4d7' id='bo_player_modal'>\n<div class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'>\n<div class='react-notifications-root'></div>\n<div class='rp-header'>\n<div class='rp-type'>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'></i>\nVideo\n</div>\n<h1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'>\nWhy Are There Penguins At The Equator?\n</h1>\n<div class='rp-actions'>\n<div class='mr-1'>\n<a class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"><span><span>Get Free Access</span><span class=\"\"> for 10 Days</span><span>!</span></span></a>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-body'>\n<div class='rp-info'>\n<div aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'>&times;</div>\n<i aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'></i>\n<i aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'></i>\n<div class='rp-rating'>\n<span class='resource-pool'>\n<span class='pool-label'>Publisher:</span>\n<span class='pool-name'>\n<span class='text'><a data-publisher-id=\"30358007\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30358007\">MinuteEarth</a></span>\n</span>\n</span>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-description'>\n<span class='short-description'>Try Dashlane here Plus, here’s a 10% off promo code for Dashlane Premium: minuteearth When nutrients from the ocean depths reach the sunlit surface (like in the Galapagos), life is more productive. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons and...</span>\n<span class='full-description hide'>Try Dashlane <a href='http://bit.ly/minutedash.' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>here</a> Plus, here’s a 10% off promo code for Dashlane Premium: minuteearth When nutrients from the ocean depths reach the sunlit surface (like in the Galapagos), life is more productive. Thanks also to our Patreon <a href='https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>patrons</a> and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Net Primary Production (NPP): the amount of primary production that organisms do, minus the amount of carbon they use up to do so (by respiring) Phytoplankton: microscopic green algae that live in water and get energy through photosynthesis. Learn more <a href='https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>here</a> Primary Production: the synthesis of organic chemicals from carbon dioxide (mostly happens through photosynthesis) Upwelling: the motion of cooler, usually nutrient-rich, water towards the ocean surface ___________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on <a href='http://goo.gl/EpIDGd' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>YouTube</a> Support us on <a href='https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>Patreon</a> And visit our <a href='https://www.minuteearth.com/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>website</a> Say hello on <a href='http://goo.gl/FpAvo6' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>Facebook</a> And <a href='http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>Twitter</a> And download our videos on <a href='https://goo.gl/sfwS6n' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>itunes</a> ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia Video Director: Alex Reich & Emily Elert Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel <a href='http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>Schroeder</a> ___________________________________________ References: Ainley, David. Personal Communication, 2018. Baker, A. J., et al. 2006. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proc of Royal Soc B: Biol Sci, 273 (1582), 11-<a href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560011/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>17.</a> Behrenfeld, M. J., et al. 2006. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature, 444(7120), <a href='https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05317' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>752.</a> Boersma, Dee. Personal Communication, 2018. Boyd, P.W., et al. 2014. Cross-chapter box on net primary production in the ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC [Field, C.B., et al (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA, pp. 133-136. Dybdahl, Mark. Personal Communication, 2018. Falkowski, P. G., et al. 1998. Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science, 281(5374), 200-<a href='https://goo.gl/1P7b69' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>206.</a> Field, C. B., et al. 1998. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281(5374), 237-<a href='https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt9gm7074q/qt9gm7074q.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>240.</a> Karnauskas, K. B., et al. 2017. Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific over the past 4 million years and the geologic origins of modern Galapagos upwelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 460, 22-<a href='https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.005' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>28.</a> LaRue, Michelle. Personal Communication, 2018. Kallmeyer, Jens. Personal Communication, 2018. Pockalny, Robert. Personal Communication, 2018. Sigman, D. M. & Hain, M. P. 2012. The Biological Productivity of the Ocean. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):<a href='https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-biological-productivity-of-the-ocean-70631104' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>21.</a> Stock, Charlie. Personal Communication, 2018. Galapagos penguin <a href='https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/galpen1/foodhabits' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>diet</a> Penguin <a href='https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/appendix' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>diet</a> Cromwell Current & <a href='http://www.iflscience.com/environment/new-study-may-reveal-how-galapagos-islands-became-so-biodiverse/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>Galapagos</a> Penguin <a href='https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/appendix' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>distribution</a> , <a href='http://www.penguins.cl/penguins-region.htm' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'></a> Ocean <a href='https://ci.coastal.edu/~sgilman/770productivitynutrients.htm' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'>productivity</a></span>\n</div>\n<div class='action-container flex justify-between'>\n<button aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'>\n<i class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'></i>\n<span id='read_more'>Read More</span>\n</button>\n<div class='rp-report'>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'>Resource Details</h2>\n<div class='rp-resource-details clearfix'>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Curator Rating</dt>\n<dd><span class=\"star-rating\" aria-label=\"5.0 out of 5 stars\" role=\"img\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i></span></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"educator-rating-title\">Educator Rating</dt><dd><div class=\"educator-rating-details\" data-path=\"/educator_ratings/rrp_data?resourceable_id=105530&amp;resourceable_type=Boclips%3A%3AVideoMetadata\"><span class=\"not-yet-rated\">Not yet Rated</span></div></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Grade</dt><dd title=\"Grade\">12th - Higher Ed</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Subjects</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?grade_ids%5B%5D=258&amp;grade_ids%5B%5D=259&amp;search_tab_id=1&amp;subject_ids%5B%5D=365221\">Science</a></span></dd><dd class=\"text-muted\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-lock mr5\"></i>3 more...</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Media Type</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?grade_ids%5B%5D=258&amp;grade_ids%5B%5D=259&amp;search_tab_id=2&amp;type_ids%5B%5D=4543647\">Instructional Videos</a></span></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Source:</dt>\n<dd></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Date</dt>\n<dd>2018</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-solid fa-language'></i>\n\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Audiences</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?audience_ids%5B%5D=371079&amp;grade_ids%5B%5D=258&amp;grade_ids%5B%5D=259&amp;search_tab_id=1\">For Teacher Use</a></span></dd><dd class=\"text-muted\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-lock mr5\"></i>2 more...</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n\n</dl>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='educator-ratings-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title sr-only' id='educator-ratings-heading'>Educator Ratings</h2>\n<div id=\"educator-ratings-root\"></div><div id=\"all-educator-ratings-root\"></div><div id=\"educator-rating-form-root\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-resource'>\n<div aria-label='Show resource details' class='rp-show-info' role='button' tabindex='0'>\n<i class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'></i>\nShow resource details\n</div>\n<div aria-label='Video player' class='player' id='player-wrapper' role='region'>\n<div class='relative container mx-auto' id='lp-boclips-visitor-thumbnail'>\n<a class=\"block\" data-html=\"true\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-trigger=\"click\" data-content=\"<div class=&quot;text-center py-2&quot;><a class=&quot;bold&quot; 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