{"page":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<div data-title='Causality. Why you shouldn&#39;t use Bradford Hill criteria!' data-url='/boclips/videos/61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7' id='bo_player_modal'>\n<div class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'>\n<div class='react-notifications-root'></div>\n<div class='rp-header'>\n<div class='rp-type'>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'></i>\nVideo\n</div>\n<h1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'>\nCausality. Why you shouldn&#39;t use Bradford Hill criteria!\n</h1>\n<div class='rp-actions'>\n<div class='mr-1'>\n<a class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"><span><span>Get Free Access</span><span class=\"\"> for 10 Days</span><span>!</span></span></a>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-body'>\n<div class='rp-info'>\n<div aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'>&times;</div>\n<i aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'></i>\n<i aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'></i>\n<div class='rp-rating'>\n<span class='resource-pool'>\n<span class='pool-label'>Publisher:</span>\n<span class='pool-name'>\n<span class='text'><a data-publisher-id=\"30356747\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356747\">Global Health with Greg Martin</a></span>\n</span>\n</span>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-description'>\n<span class='short-description'>Determining causality isn't easy. Correlation doesn't mean causation. And yet where we see a strong correlation between an exposure and an outcome, we need to be able to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship. Public...</span>\n<span class='full-description hide'>Determining causality isn't easy. Correlation doesn't mean causation. And yet where we see a strong correlation between an exposure and an outcome, we need to be able to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship. Public Health professionals and epidemiologists have typically use the Bradford Hill criteria to establish causality. I don't like the Bradford Hill criteria. Instead I advocate for a process of exclusion (exclude chance, bias, confounding, reverse causation and fraud).</span>\n</div>\n<div class='action-container flex justify-between'>\n<button aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'>\n<i class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'></i>\n<span id='read_more'>Read More</span>\n</button>\n<div class='rp-report'>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'>Resource Details</h2>\n<div class='rp-resource-details clearfix'>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Curator Rating</dt>\n<dd><span class=\"star-rating\" aria-label=\"4.0 out of 5 stars\" role=\"img\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><i class=\"fa-regular fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></i></span></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"educator-rating-title\">Educator Rating</dt><dd><div class=\"educator-rating-details\" data-path=\"/educator_ratings/rrp_data?resourceable_id=204933&amp;resourceable_type=Boclips%3A%3AVideoMetadata\"><span class=\"not-yet-rated\">Not yet Rated</span></div></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Media Length</dt>\n<dd>5:53</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Grade</dt><dd title=\"Grade\">Higher Ed</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Subjects</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?keywords=and+natural+resources&amp;search_tab_id=1&amp;subject_ids%5B%5D=1319782\">Career &amp; Technical Education</a></span></dd><dd class=\"text-muted\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-lock mr5\"></i>1 more...</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Media Type</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?keywords=and+natural+resources&amp;search_tab_id=2&amp;type_ids%5B%5D=4543647\">Instructional Videos</a></span></dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Source:</dt>\n<div class='preview-source' data-animation='true' data-boundary='.rp-info' data-container='.rp-resource-details' data-html='false' data-title='Greg Martin is a medical doctor who provides teaching on research methods, statistics and global health issues.' data-trigger='hover focus'>\n<span>Global Health with Greg Martin</span>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-circle-info channel-tooltip-icon' id='channel-tooltip'></i>\n</div>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Date</dt>\n<dd>2021</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-solid fa-language'></i>\n<dt>Language</dt><dd>English</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Audiences</dt><dd><span><a href=\"/search?audience_ids%5B%5D=371079&amp;keywords=and+natural+resources&amp;search_tab_id=1\">For Teacher Use</a></span></dd><dd class=\"text-muted\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-lock mr5\"></i>2 more...</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n<div class='detail'>\n<dl>\n<dt>Usage Permissions</dt><dd>Fine Print: Educational Use</dd>\n</dl>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='additional-materials-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='additional-materials-heading'>Additional Materials</h2>\n<div class='additional-material'>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-solid fa-lock'></i>\n<a class=\"text-muted\" title=\"Video Transcript\" data-html=\"true\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-trigger=\"click\" data-content=\"<div class=&quot;text-center py-2&quot;><a class=&quot;bold&quot; href=&quot;/auth/users/sign_in&quot;>Sign in</a> or <a class=&quot;bold text-danger&quot; data-posthog-event=&quot;Signup: LP Signup Activity&quot; data-posthog-location=&quot;body_link_boclips&quot; data-remote=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;/subscription/new&quot;>Join Now</a></div>\" data-title=\"Get Full Access\" data-container=\"body\" rel=\"popover\" tabindex=\"0\" href=\"/subscription/new\">Video Transcript</a>\n</div>\n<div class='additional-material'>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-solid fa-lock'></i>\n<a class=\"text-muted\" title=\"Video Preview\" data-html=\"true\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-trigger=\"click\" data-content=\"<div class=&quot;text-center py-2&quot;><a class=&quot;bold&quot; href=&quot;/auth/users/sign_in&quot;>Sign in</a> or <a class=&quot;bold text-danger&quot; data-posthog-event=&quot;Signup: LP Signup Activity&quot; data-posthog-location=&quot;body_link_boclips&quot; data-remote=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;/subscription/new&quot;>Join Now</a></div>\" data-title=\"Get Full Access\" data-container=\"body\" rel=\"popover\" tabindex=\"0\" href=\"/subscription/new\">Video Preview</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='concepts-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='concepts-heading'>Concepts</h2>\n<div class='clearfix'>\n<div class='details-list concepts' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7' data-type='concepts'>public health, bias, correlation, chance, fraud, nature, time, interest, data, epidemiology</div>\n<div class='concepts-toggle-buttons' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7'>\n<button aria-expanded='false' class='more btn-link' type='button'>\n<span>Show More</span>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-down ml5'></i>\n</button>\n<button aria-expanded='true' class='less btn-link' style='display: none;' type='button'>\n<span>Show Less</span>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-up ml5'></i>\n</button>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='additional-tags-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='additional-tags-heading'>Additional Tags</h2>\n<div class='clearfix'>\n<div class='details-list keyterms' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7' data-type='keyterms'>global health, international health, mph, causation, causality, draw conclusion, causal pathway, shark attacks, actual fact, causal relationship, exclude, confounding, fact, relationship, study, exposure, talking, effect, talk, briefly, explain, outcome, reversibility, plausibility, criteria</div>\n<div class='keyterms-toggle-buttons' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator61b21f27cb66ee73b3a973b7'>\n<button aria-expanded='false' class='more btn-link' type='button'>\n<span>Show More</span>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-down ml5'></i>\n</button>\n<button aria-expanded='true' class='less btn-link' style='display: none;' type='button'>\n<span>Show Less</span>\n<i aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-up ml5'></i>\n</button>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='classroom-considerations-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title' id='classroom-considerations-heading'>Classroom Considerations</h2>\n<div class='classroom-considerations'><div class='fai fa-solid fa-bell'></div>Best For: Explaining a topic</div><div class='classroom-considerations'><div class='fai fa-solid fa-bell'></div>Video is ad-free</div> \n</div>\n<div aria-labelledby='educator-ratings-heading' class='rp-info-section'>\n<h2 class='title sr-only' id='educator-ratings-heading'>Educator Ratings</h2>\n<div id=\"educator-ratings-root\"></div><div id=\"all-educator-ratings-root\"></div><div id=\"educator-rating-form-root\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class='rp-resource'>\n<div aria-label='Show resource details' class='rp-show-info' role='button' tabindex='0'>\n<i class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'></i>\nShow resource details\n</div>\n<div aria-label='Video player' class='player ie' id='player-wrapper' role='region'>\n<div class='relative container mx-auto' id='lp-boclips-visitor-thumbnail'>\n<a class=\"block\" data-html=\"true\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-trigger=\"click\" data-content=\"<div class=&quot;text-center py-2&quot;><a class=&quot;bold&quot; href=&quot;/auth/users/sign_in&quot;>Sign in</a> or <a class=&quot;bold text-danger&quot; data-posthog-event=&quot;Signup: LP Signup Activity&quot; data-posthog-location=&quot;body_link_boclips&quot; data-remote=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;/subscription/new&quot;>Join Now</a></div>\" data-title=\"Get Full Access\" data-container=\"body\" rel=\"popover\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Play video: Causality. Why you shouldn&#39;t use Bradford Hill criteria!\" href=\"/subscription/new\"><img class=\"resource-img img-thumbnail img-responsive z-10 lp-boclips-thumbnail w-full h-full lozad\" alt=\"Causality. Why you shouldn&#39;t use Bradford Hill criteria!\" title=\"Causality. Why you shouldn&#39;t use Bradford Hill criteria!\" onError=\"handleImageNotLoadedError(this)\" data-default-image=\"https://static.lp.lexp.cloud/images/attachment_defaults/resource/large/missing.png\" data-src=\"https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/1776261/thumbnail/entry_id/1_7s3j7m9l/width/250/vid_slices/3/vid_slice/1\" width=\"315\" height=\"220\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs\" />\n<span aria-hidden='true' class='flex justify-center items-center bg-white rounded-full w-16 h-16 absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -mt-8 -ml-8 cursor-pointer z-0 border-2 border-primary drop-shadow-md lp-boclips-thumbnail-playBtn'>\n<i class='fa-solid fa-play text-primary text-3xl ml-1 drop-shadow-xl'></i>\n</span>\n</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n"}