{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Military dogs\u0026#39; sense of smell used to identify prostate cancer' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54d73ad8eafeecae20a16e' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54d73ad8eafeecae20a16e' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nMilitary dogs\u0026#39; sense of smell used to identify prostate cancer\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eLEADIN:              Military dogs used to protect soldiers in the Italian army are now being trained to smell out molecules to identify prostate cancer for a study.              Its authors say the dogs were able to detect the cancer...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eLEADIN:\u003cbr/\u003e              Military dogs used to protect soldiers in the Italian army are now being trained to smell out molecules to identify prostate cancer for a study.\u003cbr/\u003e              Its authors say the dogs were able to detect the cancer with a high level of accuracy.\u003cbr/\u003e              STORYLINE:\u003cbr/\u003e              This is where the Italian army's dogs come to learn to sniff out mines and other explosives.\u003cbr/\u003e              The Veterinary Military Center has been operating here in Tuscany since 2002.\u003cbr/\u003e              These dogs are trained from an early age, their breeding is carefully controlled with the puppies bred on site.\u003cbr/\u003e              The puppies are let loose on the outside training area where they learn to confront their fears, run through tight tunnels and ignore the sound of gunfire.\u003cbr/\u003e              Eventually these pups will be taught to sniff out explosives.\u003cbr/\u003e              About ten to twenty dogs graduate from the program each year.\u003cbr/\u003e              Now these dogs are part of a medical research project which is being led by army veterinarians and urologists at the Istituto Clinico Humanitas.\u003cbr/\u003e              The study's lead researcher Gianluigi Taverna explains: \"Anti-mine dogs are the Ferraris of dogs, they are not normal dogs, they go through various selections with top level professional trainers because if an anti-drug dog can make a mistake, an anti-mine dog cannot afford to make one - that would mean military men die. So we had the opportunity create a collaboration between Humanitas and the Ministry of Defense and use the army dogs.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              Taverna's study has been experimenting with the dogs' olfactory systems, proving that once the dogs have been specifically trained, they can detect prostate cancer in the urine samples of patients with the disease.\u003cbr/\u003e              Taverna became keen to start the study after reading about research on dogs used to smell melanoma.\u003cbr/\u003e              He wondered whether the melanoma was an exception, or if dogs could be trained to smell for specific diseases.\u003cbr/\u003e              For his study samples of urine are collected and frozen in Rozzano before being sent to Grosseto where the dogs are asked to sniff them.\u003cbr/\u003e              It's been an interesting study for the army too.\u003cbr/\u003e              \"The research explored an ulterior capacity of the dog to individualize substances that in reality weren't even known,\" explains lieutenant colonel Simone Siena the commander of the Military Veterinary Centre.\u003cbr/\u003e              He says: \"While the substances in the training and coaching phase of the dog, for specific needs of the army, are known and unambiguous, in this case the smell of the molecule wasn't known - so this has been a complex journey which has nonetheless given great results.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              Taverna has been conducting his study for several years.\u003cbr/\u003e              In a study Taverna published in the Journal of Urology in 2014 dogs were trained to detect prostate cancer.\u003cbr/\u003e              One achieved a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98%.\u003cbr/\u003e              The second dog reached 98.6% specificity, 97.6% sensitivity.\u003cbr/\u003e              Samples that arrive in Grosseto must be unfrozen and prepared carefully before being sniffed by the dog.\u003cbr/\u003e              Lieutenant Colonel Lorenzo Tidu who heads the diagnostic medicine section at the army's veterinary centre in Grosseto says: \"The samples are frozen until the test is carried out so that the molecule that the dog probably recognises doesn't disperse: the molecule is probably of organic origin but it is volatile. We need to make sure it doesn't disperse in the environment and we need to keep it in a container ready for use for the test with the dog. This is the most delicate phase, because we need to be sure that the molecule is present in the urine sample that is tested and that it isn't conditioned by other external factors.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              In a lab Tidu carefully squeezes a couple of drops from the unfrozen urine sample onto a cotton wool ball which is then sealed inside a dish which has a perforated layer.\u003cbr/\u003e              According to the research, not only have the dogs been able to recognize the urine samples of patients with prostate cancer, but they have also been able to detect the molecule at different stages of the disease.\u003cbr/\u003e              On one occasion, the dog was able to identify the disease in a patient before the medical team had diagnosed it.\u003cbr/\u003e              During the initial phase of research Tidu knew which samples belonged to people with the disease and which didn't.\u003cbr/\u003e              He also knew there were samples of urine from patients with other pathologies such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer or lung cancer.\u003cbr/\u003e              The dog wasn't expected to been able to signal the existence of those diseases.\u003cbr/\u003e              However, the dog sat beside a sample that belonged to a patient with bladder cancer.\u003cbr/\u003e              Tidu informed Dr. Taverna that the dog was making a mistake, but after further verification it turned out the dog was right.\u003cbr/\u003e              Tidu says: \"The sample belonged to someone who had bladder cancer, but also prostate cancer because they removed both bladder and prostate and the histological diagnosis revealed he did indeed have prostate cancer. The dog didn't miss a sample, not even in this situation.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              The dishes with the drops of unfrozen urine are placed in separate areas and the dog is taken in to the room with the trainer who allows it to sniff each one.\u003cbr/\u003e              For the experiment the dog has to go around the room, always in the same direction, sniffing the different samples.\u003cbr/\u003e              If a sample belongs to a patient affected by prostate cancer, Liu, the dog, signals it by sitting down next to it.\u003cbr/\u003e              If the samples used do not belong to patients with prostate cancer the dog exits the room.\u003cbr/\u003e              Taverna says: \"We tried to create a research project that would be faultless in terms of statistics in order to finally unveil if this was true or not and I have to say that I was very surprised and in the beginning even moved because when you realise that the dog never makes a mistake, even when you try to create difficulties for him it is quite unique.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              But dogs will not be roaming hospitals anytime soon to diagnose patients.\u003cbr/\u003e              Eventually the research will be used to develop an electronic tool which is able to replicate the dog's olfactory system.\u003cbr/\u003e              \"It began with the prostate cancer for different reasons, including the high frequency of this neoplasm. It is plausible, even though other similar studies are not underway, that other cancers could give emission to the same amount of molecules that could be detected by biological noses or electronic ones,\" says urologist Giario Conti, Director of Urology at Sant'Anna Hospital in Como and Secretary of the Italian Society of Uro-Oncology.\u003cbr/\u003e              For now, research continues to isolate the exact molecule or molecules that would indicate cancer, or pre cancer in patients.\u003cbr/\u003e              \"We need to wait for the next step, which is to understand and individualize the molecules and build the tool that can detect them – it is similar to when we began deciphering the genome: first we had to understand what the sequence and structure was like and what it was composed of, then once the machine has started running it is clear that we can identify maybe ten, one hundred, one thousand molecules and attribute them to specific pathologies,\" says Conti.\u003cbr/\u003e              Back at the centre Liu continues her hard work.\u003cbr/\u003e              Three other dogs are currently being trained to detect urine samples from patients with prostate cancer.\u003cbr/\u003e            \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e              Grosseto, Italy – 19 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              1. Wide of dog training area\u003cbr/\u003e              2. Various of dog going through training\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Rozzano, Italy – 23 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              3. Mid of lab at Humanitas University\u003cbr/\u003e              4. Close of researcher working in lab\u003cbr/\u003e              5. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Gianluigi Taverna, Urologist, Humanitas Rozzano and Castellanza:\u003cbr/\u003e              \"Anti-mine dogs are the Ferraris of dogs, they are not normal dogs, they go through various selections with top level professional trainers because if an anti-drug dog can make a mistake, an anti-mine dog cannot afford to make one - that would mean military men die. So we had the opportunity to create a collaboration between Humanitas and the Ministry of Defense and use the army dogs.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Grosseto, Italy – 19 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              6. Wide of puppies arriving for training\u003cbr/\u003e              7. Various of puppies training \u003cbr/\u003e              8. Various of dog accompanied by soldiers training to find mines\u003cbr/\u003e              9. Wide of Simone Siena and Lorenzo Tidu walking with briefcase of urine samples\u003cbr/\u003e              10. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Simone Siena, Vetirinary Colonel of the Italian Army, Commander of the veterinary center:\u003cbr/\u003e              \"The research explored an ulterior capacity of the dog to individualise substances that in reality weren't even known. While the substances in the training and coaching phase of the dog, for specific needs of the army, are known and unambiguous, in this case the smell of the molecule wasn't known. So this has been a complex journey which has nonetheless given great results.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              11. Mid of Lorenzo Tidu preparing urine samples for the dogs\u003cbr/\u003e              12. Close of Lorenzo Tidu\u003cbr/\u003e              13. Close samples of urine drops being deposited on cotton wool ball for the dogs to smell\u003cbr/\u003e              14. SOUNDBITE: (Italian) Lieutenant Colonel Lorenzo Tidu, veterinarian, Head of the Diagnostic Medicine Department, Veterinary Military Center of Grosseto\u003cbr/\u003e              \"The samples are frozen until the test is carried out so that the molecule that the dog probably recognises doesn't disperse: the molecule is probably of organic origin but it is volatile. We need to make sure it doesn't disperse in the environment and we need to keep it in a container ready for use for the test with the dog. This is the most delicate phase, because we need to be sure that the molecule is present in the urine sample that is tested and that it isn't conditioned by other external factors.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              15. Close of Tidu putting perforated lid dish with urine sample\u003cbr/\u003e              16. Mid of Tidu placing urine sample in hermetically sealed bag\u003cbr/\u003e              17. Pan to close of case being filled with urine samples to be tested on the dogs\u003cbr/\u003e              18. SOUNDBITE: (Italian) Lieutenant Colonel Lorenzo Tidu, veterinarian, Head of the Diagnostic Medicine Department, Veterinary Military Center of Grosseto\u003cbr/\u003e              \"The sample belonged to someone who had bladder cancer, but also prostate cancer because they removed both bladder and prostate and the histological diagnosis revealed he did indeed have prostate cancer. The dog didn't miss a sample, not even in this situation.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              19. Wide Tidu placing samples for the dogs to sniff\u003cbr/\u003e              20. Close of Tidu placing samples for the dogs to sniff\u003cbr/\u003e              21. Various of dog called Liu smelling samples and eventually being rewarded for picking the right one\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Rozzano, Italy – 23 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              22. Wide of Taverna with colleague carrying urine samples in lab\u003cbr/\u003e              23. SOUNDBITE: (Italian) Gianluigi Taverna, Urologist, Istituto Clinico Humanitas\u003cbr/\u003e              \"We tried to create a research project that would be faultless in terms of statistics in order to finally unveil if this was true or not and I have to say that I was very surprised and in the beginning even moved because when you realise that the dog never makes a mistake, even when you try to create difficulties for him it is quite unique.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Como, Italy – 29 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              24. Wide of urologist Giario Conti in his office\u003cbr/\u003e              25. Mid of Giario Conti in his office\u003cbr/\u003e              26  SOUNDBITE (Italian) Giario Conti, Urologist, Sant'Anna Hospital, Secretary of the Italian Society of Uro-Oncology\u003cbr/\u003e              \"It began with the prostate cancer for different reasons, including the high frequency of this neoplasm. It is plausible, even though other similar studies are not underway, that other cancers could give emission to the same amount of molecules that could be detected by biological noses or electronic ones.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Rozzano, Italy – 23 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              27. Wide of doctor analysing microscopic view of urine sample on a computer screen\u003cbr/\u003e              28. Mid of doctor pointing \u003cbr/\u003e              29. Close of urine samples on the screen\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Como, Italy – 29 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              30.  SOUNDBITE (Italian) Giario Conti, Urologist, Sant'Anna Hospital, Secretary of the Italian Society of Uro-Oncology\u003cbr/\u003e              \"We need to wait for the next step, which is to understand and individualise the molecules and build the tool that can detect them – it is similar to when we began deciphering the genome: first we had to understand what the sequence and structure was like and what it was composed of, then once the machine has started running it is clear that we can identify maybe ten, one hundred, one thousand molecules and attribute them to specific pathologies.\"\u003cbr/\u003e              \u003cbr/\u003e              Grosseto, Italy – 19 January 2018\u003cbr/\u003e              31. Various of the dog Liu playing with its trainer\u003cbr/\u003e              32. 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