{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='WWI gives birth to today\u0026#39;s modern chemical warfare ++REPLAY++' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54ca4cd8eafeecae19ab24' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54ca4cd8eafeecae19ab24' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nWWI gives birth to today\u0026#39;s modern chemical warfare ++REPLAY++\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eUK: WWI POISON GASSOURCE: AP TELEVISION / UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL / AP IMAGES / STILL: NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HEALTHRESTRICTIONS: HORIZONS CLIENTS AND AP LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLYLENGTH: 5.05SHOTLIST:AP Television London, UK,...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eUK: WWI POISON GASSOURCE: AP TELEVISION / UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL / AP IMAGES / STILL: NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HEALTHRESTRICTIONS: HORIZONS CLIENTS AND AP LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLYLENGTH: 5.05SHOTLIST:AP Television London, UK, May 9, 20141. Close of Small Box Respirator (SBR) gas mask 2. Various close of Science Museum curator Stuart Emmens checking the SBR gas mask in the museum's archive store 3. Close pan of the earlier hood gas mask 4. Close of eye holes on hood gas mask5. SOUNDBITE: (English), Stewart Emmens, curator, Science Museum London:\"You would have trouble breathing, you're panicking, you're sight's quite limited, the gases if it's in the midst of a battle there's smoke everywhere, you know it's a pretty unpleasant experience.\"6. Close of mask being held by EmmensUNIVERSAL NEWSREEL++4:3++++MUTE++Panama Canal, 1914 7. Various of people walking off one of the first ships to arrive at the Panama Canal 8. Various of canal opening 9. Mid of industrial ship passing through UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL++4:3++++MUTE++US, date unknown 10. Various of the first cars being manufactured in one of the first factories AP Television London, UK, July 30, 201411. Various of Dr. Joanna Kidd talking to research fellow at Kings College London12. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Joanna Kidd, director, International Centre for Security Analysis, Kings College London:\"It was felt that they were rather underhand and sneaky weapons.\"UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL (EDITORS NOTE: dates and locations of battles uncertain, some events may have been reconstructed for camera, details unknown)++4:3++++MUTE++13. Mid of soldiers fighting on the Western Front in gas masks pick up their machine gun and run forward 14. Wide of released gas canisters on battlefield AP Television London, UK, July 30, 201415. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Joanna Kidd, director, International Centre for Security Analysis, Kings College London:\"Nonetheless all sides in World War One did use chemical weapons.\"AP Photos16. Black and white WWl photograph showing wide of wounded soldiers being carried in wheeled carts 17. Black and white WWl photograph showing wide of soldiers searching to find the identities of fallen soldiers 18. Black and white WWl photograph showing wide of red cross flag hanging on battle damaged tree in front of medical equipment 19. Black and white WWl  photograph showing wide of soldiers in trenches looking out over topAP Television London, UK, July 30, 201420. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Joanna Kidd, director, International Centre for Security Analysis, Kings College London:\"Phosgene and chlorine which were the main chemicals that we used are choking agents. So what they do is that they get into people's lungs and they effectively stop the lungs working, so that people suffocate, but this at least happens fairly quickly. Mustard gas which is a blistering agent and was used in 1917, kills in a different way.\"UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL (EDITORS NOTE: dates and locations of battles uncertain, some events may have been reconstructed for camera, details unknown)++4:3++++MUTE++21. Mid of soldiers in trenches being covered in smoke, or gas from battlefield 22. Mid of soldiers in trenches firing rifles 23. Wide of explosion on battlefield near village 24. Wide of planes flying over battlefieldAP Television London, UK, July 29, 201425. SOUNDBITE: (English) Professor Tom Welton, head of chemistry, Imperial College London:\"The war of measure and counter measure could the gas mask be made better, of course the first ones were very ineffective they didn't fit properly, they didn't have the right chemicals to counteract the gas and eventually you get to a well fitting, proper counter measure and so then the arms race continues and the next level come through.\"AP Photos26. Black and white WWl photograph showing wide  of marines responding to gas attack near Verdun in 1918 AP Television London, UK, July 29, 201427. SOUNDBITE: (English), Professor Tom Welton, head of chemistry, Imperial College London \"For the first time, truly the invention of a chemical weapon to be a chemical weapon happened and that was a thing called mustard gas.\"UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL (EDITORS NOTE: dates and locations of battles uncertain, some events may have been reconstructed for camera, details unknown)++4:3++++MUTE++28. Top mid shot of soldiers in trenches 29. Wide pan of explosions on battlefield 30. Mid top view of soldier coming out of bunker with his rifle 31. Mid of soldiers in trenches hurrying to put on gas masks as clouds of gas like substance waft over them32. Wide of anti aircraft gun going off AP Television London, UK, July 29, 201433. SOUNDBITE: (English), Professor Tom Welton, head of chemistry, Imperial College London \"It was rather than being a gas in the sense of you normally think of gas, it was really very fine particles in the air and you breathed those in, they would land on your skin, they would get soaked into your clothing and everywhere it contacted with you including internally, would cause blistering.\"AP Photos34. Black and white WWl photograph showing mid of US Army gun crew manning position in offensive at Meuse-Argonne in France 191835. Black and white WWl photograph showing troops advancing on a path through barbed wire near the Somme in France 1918AP Television London, UK, July 30, 201436. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Joanna Kidd, director, International Centre for Security Analysis, Kings College London:\"It can take four to five weeks to kill people and they die very, very nastily.\"Still image: National Museum of Health 37. Black and white photo showing wide of a hall at a US army camp filled with people who are infected by the influenza pandemic in 1918AP Television London, UK, July 29, 201438. SOUNDBITE: (English) Professor Tom Welton, head of chemistry, Imperial College London: \"It's true of all of them (gases) that really their effect in killing people was really rather poor.\"AP Photos30. Black and white WWl photograph of the pockmarked and waterlogged battlefield at Verdun, France in 191740. Black and white WWl photograph showing troops inspecting war damaged buildings in Arras France in 1916AP Television London, UK, July 30, 201441. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Joanna Kidd, director, International Centre for Security Analysis, Kings College London:\"Most chemical weapons don't linger in the air and they can get quickly blown away by the wind and in fact the first case of Britain using chemical weapons in World War One was a disaster because the wind changed and the gas was actually blown back onto the British troops. So they were very ineffective in those senses. However, they were psychological weapons, they were perceived to be quite useful in just provoking fear.\" UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL (EDITORS NOTE: dates and locations of battles uncertain, some events may have been reconstructed for camera, details unknown)++4:3++++MUTE++42. Mid top view of soldiers walking along narrow trench with faces covered by gas masks 43. Mid of barbed wire on no man's land 44. Mid of soldiers in trench with gas masks trying to fan away smoke or gas45. Wide of explosion over battlefield AP Television London, UK, July 29, 201446. SOUNDBITE: (English) Professor Tom Welton, head of chemistry, Imperial College London: \"A corpse on the ground is one person, a person needing medical help, supplies, it really does create a strain on the army and that was almost the purpose. It was actually the purpose was to debilitate the person which would then debilitate the army because of the huge amount of resources that needed to be put into keeping them alive. A very brutal idea.\"AP Television Ypres, Belgium, May 15-16, 201447. Wide of the British and Commonwealth army cemetery Lijssenthoek in Poperinge (20 miles/ 32 kilometres south of Ypres)48. Low wide shot of white gravestones LEAD-IN: A century ago mankind stepped into modern chemical warfare and gave birth to the weapons of mass destruction which still terrorise the world.After the second battle of Ypres on April 22, 1915 warfare changed.STORYLINE:Slightly discoloured and rusting, but still in one piece almost a hundred years after it was used by a soldier to keep him alive.This gas mask is called the Small Box Respirator and during World War One it became a soldier's constant companion - a way to avoid being injured or killed by dangerous chemicals unleashed by the enemy.World War I marked the beginning of the widespread use of chemical weapons and experts on the home front were kept busy trying to devise new, more effect mask designs.These fragile survivors are kept in the massive stores of Britain's Science Museum, a reminder that chemical warfare has a very long history.Curator Stewart Emmens picks up one of the earlier, less effective models.He says: \"You would have trouble breathing, you're panicking, you're sight's quite limited, the gases if it's in the midst of a battle (there's) smoke everywhere, you know it's a pretty unpleasant experience.\" Tear gas was first used by the French at the start of the war in August 1914, but it was very ineffective. Grenades were filled with the gas ethyl bromoacetate, but these delivered such small quantities of the chemical that the German troops weren't even aware of it, according the National Army Museum.Soon all sides were using chlorine and later, phosgene despite the big colonial powers meeting in Brussels to ban their use in 1874.In 1907 they were worried enough to reinforce the ban with the Hague Convention.This is because they were already being produced in large quantities and stockpiled.Chemical weapons were now vital to heavy industry, which was creating huge wealth for some of the nation states.Chlorine had long been used as a bleaching agent for cotton in England's northern mill towns. Chemicals were also needed for the manufacturing process of metals at a time when industrialisation was taking hold around the globe. The car industry had just introduced conveyor belt factories to optimise production.As industrialisation gripped the globe, more of the chemicals were produced, prompting widespread debate and concern according to Dr. Joanna Kidd, the director of the International Centre for Security Analysis at Kings College London.The team here analyses the probable production and stocks of agents which now make up 21st century chemical weapons.Warfare at the time of WWl was still based on direct combat. Mass killing by an enemy, who didn't put himself at risk, was viewed as unheroic, cowardly, even immoral.Kidd says:\"It was felt that they were rather underhand and sneaky weapons.\"But after a year of battling no side was prepared to take the moral high ground.Kidd adds: \"Nonetheless all sides in World War One did use chemical weapons.\"The massive armies who had dug into trenches across Europe's Western Front were not moving, and all sides were looking for an advantage over their enemy.Chlorine was used most extensively with 93,800 tons being produced by the the warring parties. Phosgene gas was developed to overcome the deficiencies of chlorine, used by the French in 1915 soon after the introduction of chlorine. Kidd says: \"Phosgene and chlorine which were the main agents that we used are choking agents. So what they do is that they get into people's lungs and they effectively stop the lungs working, so that people suffocate, but this at least happens fairly quickly. Mustard gas which is a blistering agent and used in 1917, kills in a different way.\"Phosgene caused less coughing, meaning men inhaled it more deeply into their lungs. There was constant innovation in the war tanks, submarines and bigger more powerful guns were being deployed.Gas wasn't proving as effective as the armies hoped.Originally in canisters, the gas could be avoided and even when it was fired at the troops in shells, gas masks became more sophisticated, impregnated with counteracting chemicals. Professor Tom Welton head of chemistry Imperial College London says: \"The war of measure and counter measure could the gas mask be made better, of course the first ones were very ineffective they didn't fit properly, they didn't have the right chemicals to counteract the gas and eventually you get to a well fitting, proper counter measure and so then the arms race continues and the next level come through.\"Some of the gas masks used by the allied forces were invented and tested just outside the chemistry department by Welton's office.According to Welton, everything changed with the use of mustard gas.He says: \"For the first time truly the invention of a chemical weapon to be a chemical weapon happened and that was a thing called mustard gas.\"Propaganda in 1914 had claimed the war would be over by Christmas.By 1917 soldiers entrenched on the Western Front must have wondered if the war would ever end.  In July that year, the German army's use of mustard gas stoked fear and panic.Welton says: \"It was rather than being a gas in the sense of you normally think of gas, it was really very fine particles in the air and you breathed those in, they would land on your skin they would get soaked into your clothing and everywhere it contacted with you including internally would cause blistering.\"According to Kidd: \"It can take four to  five weeks to kill people and they die very, very nastily.\"Just four months later at the battle of Cambrai, the National Army Museum says Britain followed suit.While it spread fear, poison gas wasn't particularly effective, even when it was delivered by weapons.The flu pandemic in 1918 is credited with killing many more soldiers and civilians globally.Welton says: \"It's true of all of them (gases) that really their effect in killing people was really rather poor.\"Nine million soldiers lost their lives in the First World War. According to researchers like Welton and Kidd, just 100,000 were killed by chemical weapons.Kidd says: \"Most chemical weapons don't linger in the air and they can get quickly blown away by the wind and in fact the first case of Britain using chemical weapons in World War One was a disaster,  because the wind changed and the gas was actually blown back onto the British troops. So they were very ineffective in those senses. However, they were psychological weapons, they were perceived to be quite useful in just provoking fear.\" Welton believes too that gases were used to put a burden on the enemy's army.He says: \"A corpse on the ground is one person, a person needing medical help, supplies, it really does create a strain on the army and that was almost the purpose. It was actually the purpose was to debilitate the person which would then debilitate the army because of the huge amount of resources that needed to be put into keeping them alive. A very brutal idea.\"Chemical weapons still have the capacity to elicit revulsion, but that hasn't stopped their use.Military scientists have gone on to develop more complex nerve agents and nuclear weapons are now the choice when countries are looking to rise in the pecking order of the arms race.Experts like Kidd believe chemicals will continue to be a threat because they are cheap. She says they have become a \"poor man's weapon of mass destruction\".====Clients are reminded: (i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com. 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