{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Monitoring elephant seals on California\u0026#39;s coast' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c548d8eafeecae16f09d' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c548d8eafeecae16f09d' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nMonitoring elephant seals on California\u0026#39;s coast\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eAP Television A�o Nuevo State Reserve, California - June 2, 20101. Various elephant seals on beach2. Tracking shot researchers carrying gear along beach3. Group shot researchers preparing sedative for seal4. Close shot test tubes5....\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eA�o Nuevo State Reserve, California - June 2, 2010\u003cbr/\u003e1. Various elephant seals on beach\u003cbr/\u003e2. Tracking shot researchers carrying gear along beach\u003cbr/\u003e3. Group shot researchers preparing sedative for seal\u003cbr/\u003e4. Close shot test tubes\u003cbr/\u003e5. Wide shot Melinda Fowler clearing seals so she can access the one that will be tagged\u003cbr/\u003e6. SOUNDBITE (English) Melinda Fowler, Ph.D. Student, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology:\u003cbr/\u003e\"So the first step is to do what we call an initial stick. So I go up with fairly, the more powerful sedative, called Telazol, and stick her in the muscle. They have a big swimming muscle on the side here. The goal is to get that into the muscle. And then that takes about ten minutes for it to work, for her to be sedated. Then we go up and we set an intravenous line in a big vessel in the back, and from there we can give her small doses of a less powerful sedative just to keep her from moving around.\"\u003cbr/\u003e7. Group shot researcher measuring elephant seal\u003cbr/\u003e8. Close shot tail with measuring tape\u003cbr/\u003e9. Close shot GPS unit\u003cbr/\u003e10. High angle researchers gluing GPS tag on seal's head\u003cbr/\u003e11. Close shot tag\u003cbr/\u003e12. Close shot researcher drawing line for where to glue radio tag on back\u003cbr/\u003e13. Medium shot gluing radio tag\u003cbr/\u003e14. Wide shot Dan Costa by water\u003cbr/\u003e15. Close shot profile Dan Costa\u003cbr/\u003e16. SOUNDBITE (English) Dan Costa, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz:\u003cbr/\u003e\"What we're fundamentally interested in is how these animals deal with changing climate. Oceanography is driven by climate. The currents, the wind patterns, all those things drive primary production and the food resources in the ocean and what aggregates their prey. So we're interested in where these animals go, what they find, how hard they work, and how that's changed by the changing oceanography and the changing climate patterns.\"\u003cbr/\u003e17. Various seals in a group\u003cbr/\u003e18. Researchers push seal halfway over to take blubber measurements\u003cbr/\u003e19. Researcher takes blubber thickness reading\u003cbr/\u003e20. Researchers push seal onto tarpaulin to weigh her\u003cbr/\u003e21. Researchers lift seal up to weigh her\u003cbr/\u003e22. Seal recovering from sedation moves toward shore\u003cbr/\u003e23. Close shot seal with tag on head\u003cbr/\u003e24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dan Costa, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz:\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have now six years of data where we have literally several hundred tracks, in fact this female we just tagged, we've tagged her previously, so we can look at what her behaviour was over a normal year and now we'll be able to see how does her behaviour change in an El Nino year. When resources should be harder to find, or more dispersed, or basically they work much harder during an El Nino year.So we're trying to see how these animals respond to these changing climatic factors.\"\u003cbr/\u003eSanta Cruz, California - June 2, 2010\u003cbr/\u003e25. Sign at entrance to UC Santa Cruz Marine Science Campus\u003cbr/\u003e26. Melinda Fowler writing\u003cbr/\u003e27. Close shot Elephant Seal skulls\u003cbr/\u003e28. Fowler takes blood samples out of centrifuge\u003cbr/\u003e29. Various close shots putting samples in test tubes\u003cbr/\u003e30. SOUNDBITE (English) Dan Costa, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz:\u003cbr/\u003e\"So here we are at A�o Nuevo, and these are tracks of female elephant seals. These red tracks are the shorter trip to sea, that is post breeding, where the female spends two to three months at sea. And these longer tracks are the post moult, which is what we just deployed.\"\u003cbr/\u003e31. Close shot computer screen graphic showing seal tracks in North Pacific\u003cbr/\u003eA�o Nuevo State Reserve, California - June 2, 2010\u003cbr/\u003e32. Wide shot seals on beach\u003cbr/\u003e33. Wide shot A�o Nuevo Island, abandoned lighthouse keeper's home\u003cbr/\u003eCalifornia's rugged central coast attracts many a seasonal visitor, and at A�o Nuevo State Reserve, many of them travel with flippers rather than legs. \u003cbr/\u003eNorthern elephant seals visit the reserve twice a year, in the winter to give birth and mate, and in the spring and summer to moult.\u003cbr/\u003eResearchers use the seals' short time on land to place tags on the animals allowing them to track the seals' paths and diving depths while out at sea.\u003cbr/\u003eElephant seals enjoying a short stop-over near the A�o Nuevo State Reserve in California. \u003cbr/\u003eThey are  a welcome sight to these researchers, from the Costa Lab in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California Santa Cruz.\u003cbr/\u003eThey are trying to find out more about where elephant seals feed at sea, how deep they dive and how they may be affected by climate change.\u003cbr/\u003eThe group is using El Ni�o weather systems as examples of how ocean conditions could be altered by larger-scale climate change. \u003cbr/\u003eThe most significant El Ni�o years they are comparing with other years are 1997-8 and 1982-3. \u003cbr/\u003eIt is not known if a long-term climate change scenario would look exactly like an El Ni�o year, but the events, which currently occur every seven to ten years, are expected to become more frequent.\u003cbr/\u003eEl Ni�o conditions result in weaker east-west winds along the equator in the Pacific and less upwelling of deep water in the east. This means that elephant seals have to work harder to find the same amount of food.\u003cbr/\u003eThe A�o Nuevo State Reserve is now full of female elephant seals that have come to the beach to moult.\u003cbr/\u003eThe researchers need to find an animal between 5 and 12 years old who has already grown new hair and skin. They locate an 11-year-old seal, known as affectionately as R999, who is already in the group's database and was tagged in 2007. \u003cbr/\u003eThis previous data will allow them to compare her behaviour in a normal versus an El Ni�o year.\u003cbr/\u003eBefore approaching the seal, biologists prepare a sedative to make sure that she will remain calm while they put on the tag. Elephant seals aren't aggressive, but they have strong jaws and may bite if approached.\u003cbr/\u003ePh.D student Melinda Fowler works to clear away the seals around R999 and inject her with a strong sedative so that the team can apply a GPS tag.\u003cbr/\u003e\"So the first step is to do what we call an initial stick. So I go up with fairly, the more powerful sedative, called Telazol, and stick her in the muscle. They have a big swimming muscle on the side here. The goal is to get that into the muscle. And then that takes about ten minutes for it to work, for her to be sedated. Then we go up and we set an intravenous line in a big vessel in the back, and from there we can give her small doses of a less powerful sedative just to keep her from moving around,\" she says. \u003cbr/\u003eOnce the researchers have measured the seals' circumference at various points to determine her mass and body fat, they begin the process of attaching the GPS tag to the top of her head. \u003cbr/\u003eThis is the best place for the unit because it is the only part of an elephant seal's body that comes out of the water when it surfaces for air out at sea, allowing readings to be transmitted. \u003cbr/\u003eA radio device is attached to her back to allow the team to find her with greater precision than the GPS unit provides when she is on the beach next season.\u003cbr/\u003eDan Costa, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Santa Cruz, began studying elephant seals as a graduate student in the 1970s and has spent his career monitoring their behaviour. \u003cbr/\u003eHe helped put the first depth recorders on elephant seals in 1983 and the first satellite tracking devices out in 1996. Costa's current project began in 2003.\u003cbr/\u003e\"What we're fundamentally interested in is how these animals deal with changing climate. Oceanography is driven by climate. The currents, the wind patterns, all those things drive primary production and the food resources in the ocean and what aggregates their prey. So we're interested in where these animals go, what they find, how hard they work, and how that's changed by the changing oceanography and the changing climate patterns,\" he says. \u003cbr/\u003eMuch of the Pacific's northern elephant seal population was killed off in the 1800s for the oil that can be extracted from the animal's blubber. Fewer than 100 remained by the end of the 19th century.\u003cbr/\u003eBut protection by the Mexican and US governments in the early 1900s has brought the population back to around 160,000 today.\u003cbr/\u003eFemales live to about 20, while males live to about 14 years. Females weigh up to 750 kg (1650 lbs) and measure up to 3.6 metres (11.8 feet) long. Males are much bigger - they measure up to 4.5 metres (14.76 feet) long and weigh up to 2,300 kg (5060 lbs). \u003cbr/\u003eWhile out at sea they search for food including rays, rat fish, squid and small sharks. \u003cbr/\u003eIn turn, killer whales and sharks prey on them.\u003cbr/\u003eElephant seals are prolific divers compared to other seals. They stay underwater for about 20 minutes at a time with two or three minutes at the surface. \u003cbr/\u003eThey routinely reach depths of 1200-1800 feet ( 365.76 - 548.64 metres), but can at times go to a mile deep (1.6 km), with the longest dive record at nearly two hours. \u003cbr/\u003eThe Costa Lab is trying to discover what about their physiology makes it possible for them to dive so to such depths and for so long.\u003cbr/\u003eThe next step for the team is to roll the seal partway over and take blubber measurements from her belly. Once she has been weighed, the team waits until she has sufficiently recovered from the sedative to leave her alone.\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have now six years of data where we have literally several hundred tracks, in fact this female we just tagged, we've tagged her previously, so we can look at what her behaviour was over a normal year and now we'll be able to see how does her behaviour change in an El Nino year. When resources should be harder to find, or more dispersed, or basically they work much harder during an El Nino year.So we're trying to see how these animals respond to these changing climatic factors,\" he says. \u003cbr/\u003eBack at the Costa Lab, the group will enter the data they've gathered into their computer tracking models.\u003cbr/\u003eFowler arranges the blood samples the group took from R999, putting them in a centrifuge to separate plasma, red and white blood cells.\u003cbr/\u003eElephant seals have come back en force since they were hunted over a century ago, and these deep-diving animals are hardier than other seals in lean years. But much more remains to be discovered about their range, diving habits and how they could be affected by large-scale climate change.\u003cbr/\u003eBiologists had long thought that elephant seals' habitat was limited to the coastal areas between Baja California and Vancouver, but with the help of GPS tracking they learned that the animals were going all the way to the international dateline to the west and up to gulf of Alaska near the Aleutian islands in the north.\u003cbr/\u003eanimals\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' 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