{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Kurdish witness describes atrocities troops' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c4e6d8eafeecae16c1fe' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c4e6d8eafeecae16c1fe' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nKurdish witness describes atrocities troops\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003e1. Wide shot Saddam and co-defendants in dock 2. Saddam sitting  3. Chief Judge Abdullah al-Amiri 3. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Sultan Hashim, Minister of Defence under Saddam:\"The purpose of the enemy (the Iranian troops along with Kurdish...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003e1. Wide shot Saddam and co-defendants in dock \u003cbr/\u003e2. Saddam sitting  \u003cbr/\u003e3. Chief Judge Abdullah al-Amiri \u003cbr/\u003e3. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Sultan Hashim, Minister of Defence under Saddam:\u003cbr/\u003e\"The purpose of the enemy (the Iranian troops along with Kurdish Peshmerga militia) was to dislodge our troops from their positions and perpetuate their advance towards the dams of Derbindkhan and Dokan to occupy them then to sabotage them and drown Baghdad. Afterwards they would have besieged and occupied Sulaimaniyah and went toward the west to threaten oil fields in Kirkuk.'' \u003cbr/\u003e4. Saddam Hussein in dock \u003cbr/\u003e5. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Sabir al-Douri: Director of Military Intelligence under Saddam:\u003cbr/\u003e\"The Iranian enemy and Kurdish rebels were fighting the Iraqi army together. There was an Iranian headquarters called Ramadan which was leading operations in the north to fight the Iraqi army. And there were other small headquarters, Dhafar (victory) 1, Dhafar 2, and Dhafar 3 which ran battles in Sulaimaniyah and Irbil against the Iraqi army. These headquarters themselves were leading Kurds and Iranians to fight Iraqi troops.'' \u003cbr/\u003e6. Chief Judge Abdullah al-Amiri \u003cbr/\u003e7. Ali Mostafa Hama Kurdish witness \u003cbr/\u003e8. Cutaway of Saddam listening with headphones on \u003cbr/\u003e9. SOUNDBITE (Kurdish with English translation) Ali Mostafa Hama, Kurdish witness: \u003cbr/\u003e\"There was a greenish smoke (which) rose from the bombs later, as if there was a rotten apple or garlic smell. Minutes later, a lot of citizens said their eyes were sore and became red and they started vomiting.'' \u003cbr/\u003e10. Wide shot defendants in dock \u003cbr/\u003eSaddam Hussein's co-defendants in the second trial against the former dictator and members of his government insisted on Tuesday that the military was attacking only Iranian troops and Kurdish rebels when it launched the Anfal campaign in the 1980s, during which tens of thousands of Kurdish civilians were killed.\u003cbr/\u003eTheir comments came on the second day of the trial, in which Saddam faces charges of genocide and war crimes over the 1987-1988 Operation Anfal, in which troops swept across parts of northern Iraq, destroying villages.\u003cbr/\u003eThe court heard a survivor of the campaign give testimony about his village, Balisan, being bombed with chemical weapons.\u003cbr/\u003eAli Mostafa Hama, wearing a traditional Kurdish headdress, said he saw a newborn infant die during the bombardment.\u003cbr/\u003eAlong with Saddam, six co-defendants, mostly military figures, are on trial in the case. \u003cbr/\u003eOne of them, Saddam's cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid, who led the Anfal campaign, also faces genocide charges, while the others are charged with\u003cbr/\u003ecrimes against humanity and war crimes.\u003cbr/\u003eTwo of the co-defendants addressed the court on Tuesday and insisted Anfal's target was Iranian troops and allied Kurdish guerrillas in Northern Iraq at a time when Iraq and Iran were locked in a bloody war.\u003cbr/\u003eSabir al-Douri, the director of Military Intelligence at the time of Anfal, said \"the Iranian army and Kurdish rebels were fighting together\" against the Iraqi army and that Anfal aimed to clear northern Iraq of Iranian troops.\u003cbr/\u003eHe insisted the Iraqi government had to act because the area where the Iranian-allied guerrillas were located had dams that, if destroyed, would flood Baghdad. He said civilians in the Anfal region had already been removed.\u003cbr/\u003eSaddam and the six co-defendants face possible execution by hanging if convicted in the Anfal case, which is the second trial the former Iraqi\u003cbr/\u003eleader has faced over alleged atrocities by his regime.\u003cbr/\u003eA verdict is due on October 16 in the first trial, which concerned a crackdown on Shiites in the town of Dujail in the 1980s. If Saddam is sentenced to\u003cbr/\u003edeath in the Dujail case and the verdict stands on appeal, Iraqi law provides for him to be taken off the second case for the sentence to be carried out, though Iraqi officials have been unclear on whether they would do so or continue with the Anfal case.\u003cbr/\u003eThrough most of Tuesday's session, Saddam Hussein sat silently in the defendants pen, while al-Majid sat behind him, taking notes.\u003cbr/\u003eHama was the first plaintiff to testify in the Anfal case. Under Iraqi law, the prosecution can bring forth plaintiffs to level complaints at the\u003cbr/\u003edefendants ahead of actual witness testimony.\u003cbr/\u003e\"There was a greenish smoke (which) rose from the bombs later, as if there was a rotten apple or garlic smell. Minutes later, a lot of citizens said their eyes were sore and became red and they started vomiting,'' he said. \u003cbr/\u003eThe attack is believed to be the first instance of the Iraqi government using chemical weapons against its own population, according to a Human\u003cbr/\u003eRights Watch report on Anfal. \u003cbr/\u003eBetween 225 and 400 people were killed in the assault, including 24 who were buried in a mass grave in Balisan, according the group.\u003cbr/\u003eHama said he was blinded by the attack, then taken to a hospital and given eye drops before being imprisoned briefly.\u003cbr/\u003eHe added that one of his uncles was \"Anfalised\",  a term used by Kurds and Arabs for those who vanished during the campaign. Chief judge Abdullah al-Amiri ordered the term \"disappeared\" put into the transcript.\u003cbr/\u003eOn cross-examination, defence lawyers asked Hama how he knew the warplanes that bombed the village were Iraqi and not Iranian. \u003cbr/\u003eHe said Kurdish guerrillas, known as peshmerga, including members of the main Kurdish group the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, frequented Balisan, but suggested the area was not a base for them.\u003cbr/\u003eOne defence lawyer accused Hama of being coached in his testimony, a charge repeated by Saddam, who stood and questioned Hama.\u003cbr/\u003eEstimates of the death toll from the Anfal campaign vary widely, from 50,000 to more than 180,000.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan 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