{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='A lack of iodine is causing severe health problems in Ethiopia' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c465d8eafeecae16871d' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c465d8eafeecae16871d' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nA lack of iodine is causing severe health problems in Ethiopia\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eNejo, Oromia region  - March 2008 1. Pan of landscape in Ethiopia's western Oromia region2. Exterior of house in Nejo town, Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia and goiter sufferers standing outside3. Close up goiter sufferer 4....\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eNejo, Oromia region  - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e1. Pan of landscape in Ethiopia's western Oromia region\u003cbr/\u003e2. Exterior of house in Nejo town, Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia and goiter sufferers standing outside\u003cbr/\u003e3. Close up goiter sufferer \u003cbr/\u003e4. Various Abebech Abera at home in Nejo\u003cbr/\u003e5. SOUNDBITE: (Afan Oromo) Abebech Abera, Goiter sufferer \u003cbr/\u003e\"I don't know what this thing is caused by - I've had it all my life and it's just continuing to grow all the time.\"  \u003cbr/\u003e5. Various Dembele Terefe and two children at home near Nejo, showing goiter swellings in their necks\u003cbr/\u003e6. SOUNDBITE: (Afan Oromo) Dembele Terefe, Goiter sufferer\u003cbr/\u003e\"I have been to see a local doctor about it but he told me he doesn't have medicine for my goiter, that it's too late, there's nothing he can do. I continue to suffer with it, it's suffocating me.\"  \u003cbr/\u003eNekemte - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e7. Exterior of General Hospital in Nekemte \u003cbr/\u003e8. Various Dr Adam Lemma, Surgeon in hospital, looking at photos of Goiter sufferers \u003cbr/\u003e9. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Adam Lemma, Surgeon \u003cbr/\u003e\"We see quite a lot of cases with goiter, affected by the enlargement of thyroid gland, from small nodules up to very huge goiters, on average I operate on three to four cases per week, some of them are very big, huge goiters which we might not see in Europe or America.\"\u003cbr/\u003e10. Hallway in hospital \u003cbr/\u003e11. Various Hambissa Fereda in hospital, showing goiter swelling on his neck\u003cbr/\u003e12. SOUNDBITE: (Afan Oromo) Hambissa Fereda, Goiter sufferer \u003cbr/\u003e\"I don't know what caused my goiter, I heard many people say it's from drinking the water. I waited this long for the surgery because I haven't been able to afford it until now.\" \u003cbr/\u003e13. Various street shots Nejo\u003cbr/\u003e14. Various Mesfin Namarra, MP Member of Parliament in Western Wollega, Oromia Regional State in Nejo and buying salt\u003cbr/\u003e15. SOUNDBITE: (English) Mesfin Namarra, Member of Parliament in Western Wollega, Oromia Regional State\u003cbr/\u003e\"This is a national disaster, I don't understand why nobody seems to be scared about this, so I've taken this upon myself not only in my constituency, in the whole of Oromia and Ethiopia we have to act immediately to tackle this problem.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAddis Ababa - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e16. Various Iodization factory, on outskirts of Addis Ababa\u003cbr/\u003e17. Various Belyanesh Yifru, Head of Nutrition, Ministry of Health\u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE: (English) Belyanesh Yifru, Head of Nutrition, Ministry of Health\u003cbr/\u003e\"Due to that Ethio/Eritrean war - importation of iodized salt from Eritrea was stopped. So in Ethiopia it happened: a salt crisis, you know salt is politics, everybody wants salt so you have to have any type of salt from anywhere, and the other option was Djbouti which was not iodizing salt, so to overcome that salt crisis the - importation of all salt was allowed.\"\u003cbr/\u003eLalo Asabi, Oromia region - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e19. Various school in Lalo Asabi (Oromia Regional State) and children with goiters\u003cbr/\u003eAddis Ababa - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e20. Various Dr Iqbal Kabir, Chief of Nutrition, UNICEF Ethiopia\u003cbr/\u003e21. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Iqbal Kabir, Chief of Nutrition, UNICEF Ethiopia\u003cbr/\u003e\"More than four million children grow in this country with less IQ every year, and you can see the long term impact of this because this is an irreversible sort of damage to the brain. If you are intellectually compromised, the whole nation will be intellectually compromised compared to other nations.\"\u003cbr/\u003eNejo, Oromia region  - March 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e22. Various women with goiters\u003cbr/\u003eIn Ethiopia, up to 32 million people (40% of the approx 80 million population) are estimated to be suffering from iodine deficiency. (Source: Ministry of Health). \u003cbr/\u003eAs a result many of them, mostly women and children, are developing enormous lumps at the front of their necks, known as goiters.\u003cbr/\u003eAlthough the goiters aren't life-threatening, iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is posing a serious problem because it affects brain development and sufferers can have lower IQs. \u003cbr/\u003eAnd there's an unlikely reason for this severe medical problem: the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea.\u003cbr/\u003eAbebech Abera barely remembers Ethiopia's deadly border war with Eritrea, but she feels its effects, in her shortness of breath, trouble swallowing and a tumour-like growth in her neck. \u003cbr/\u003eAbebech is one of many Ethiopians suffering from a deficiency of iodine, an essential nutrient that was readily available from Eritrea until the 1998-2000 war halted all trade between the countries. \u003cbr/\u003eEritrea and Ethiopia have been feuding over their border since Eritrea gained independence from the Addis Ababa government in 1993 after a 30-year guerrilla war.\u003cbr/\u003eEthiopia falls well below global Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) standards - with an average of 38% of children and their mothers deficient in iodine. \u003cbr/\u003eIn some areas - UNICEF believes up to 80% of the population are affected. \u003cbr/\u003eThe World Health Organisation says that if a country's total goiter rate is more than 30% - it's a severe public health problem. \u003cbr/\u003eThere's a strong link between this increase in IDD and Ethiopia's war with its northern neighbour on the Red Sea, Eritrea, 10 years ago (1998-2000). \u003cbr/\u003eMost countries protect against iodine deficiency simply by adding iodine to salt at a cost of about 4 US cents per kilogram (2 pounds). \u003cbr/\u003eMost people get enough iodine simply by eating plants grown in iodine-rich soil or seafood that also carries the trace amounts of the nutrient. But Ethiopia is landlocked and its soil is iodine-poor. \u003cbr/\u003eThe country used to get its salt from the Eritrean port of Aseb, where iodization factories added the nutrient. \u003cbr/\u003eBut since the war, most Ethiopian salt comes uniodized from the salt flats of northern Ethiopia. \u003cbr/\u003eA decade ago, before the conflict, 80% of the population consumed iodized salt, now, it's just 4%. (Source: Ministry of Health)\u003cbr/\u003eAbebech Abera says she's had her goiter for as long as she can remember. \u003cbr/\u003e48 year old Dembele Terefe is resigned to living with her ever-growing goiter for the rest of her life. \u003cbr/\u003eFour of her eight children also have goiters. \u003cbr/\u003eGoiters an enlargment of the thyroid gland, which can cause extreme discomfort, but is not painful or life threatening, but can lead to other medical complications such as thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism. \u003cbr/\u003eDoctor Adam Lemma is a surgeon at the government hospital in the town of Nekemte 300 kilometres (186 miles) west of Addis Ababa. \u003cbr/\u003eHe says he's seen some very severe cases of the condition in his time here.\u003cbr/\u003eDr. Adam, the hospital's main general surgeon, performs up to four goiter-removal surgeries a week. \u003cbr/\u003eAt his hospital, which is government-run and where surgeries are subsided, the most expensive goiter removal surgery costs about US$5.50, a considerable sum in a country where average per capita income is US$180. \u003cbr/\u003eHambissa Fereda has had his goiter since he was ten \u003cbr/\u003eThe 35 year old farmer is about to have an operation to remove the growth. \u003cbr/\u003eLike many people Fereda thinks his goiter is caused by drinking local water. \u003cbr/\u003eThe region's MP Mesfin Namarra, a member of the opposition says the situation is a national disaster.  \u003cbr/\u003eHe says the only solution is universal salt iodization.\u003cbr/\u003eIodization factories do exist in Ethiopia. \u003cbr/\u003eUNICEF has donated 13 iodization machines and the government says it has bought another 12 (it aims to get 50 in total) that will soon be installed around the Lake Afdera Sites. \u003cbr/\u003eThe Ministry of Health has made a public health proclamation stating all available salt should be iodized. \u003cbr/\u003eIt's working on making this a law because it's not being enforced at present. \u003cbr/\u003eThe WHO says it'd cost just 0.04 US for every person to have iodized salt per year here.\u003cbr/\u003eBelyanesh Yifru, is Head of Nutrition, at Ethiopia's Ministry of Health.   \u003cbr/\u003eShe says that to avoid a general salt crisis after a break down in trade relations with Eritrea, Ethiopia began to import non-iodized salt from other neighbouring countries.  \u003cbr/\u003eOne tenth of children at this school in Lalo Asabi (Oromia Regional State) have visible goiters. \u003cbr/\u003eUNICEF says that annually about 50,000 newborns are dying due to iodine deficiency.\u003cbr/\u003e1.9mn iodine capsules are due to be distributed in April by the Ministry of Health in cooperation with UNICEF for under 5 year olds.\u003cbr/\u003eUNICEF's Chief of Nutrition Dr Iqbal Kabir says there's a more serious problem than the goiters, which are just the most visible symptoms of IDD, mental retardation.\u003cbr/\u003eHe says that IDD is the cause of learning disabilities in more than four million children in Ethiopia. \u003cbr/\u003eMost children born to iodine-deficient mothers appear normal but have difficulty learning and staying in school. \u003cbr/\u003eThe most severe symptom is mental retardation. Other symptoms include deafness, speech defects and goiters. \u003cbr/\u003eDr Kabir says that this will have an effect on the country as a whole in the long term. \u003cbr/\u003eA recent World Bank report suggested Ethiopia could lose almost $1 billion USD over six years in lost production because of IDD. \u003cbr/\u003eMost countries protect against iodine deficiency simply by adding iodine to salt at a cost of about 4 US cents per kilogram (2 pounds). \u003cbr/\u003eMost people get enough iodine simply by eating plants grown in iodine-rich soil or seafood that also carries the trace amounts of the nutrient.\u003cbr/\u003eUNICEF say that Ethiopia is among the world's 13 most iodine-poor countries, including India, Pakistan, Ghana and Burkina Faso.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci 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