{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Side effects of antidepressants on marine life' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c25bd8eafeecae1591b1' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c25bd8eafeecae1591b1' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nSide effects of antidepressants on marine life\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eMinute traces of antidepressants which escape into water from human waste can make shrimp subdue their natural behaviour raising their risk of being eaten by  predators.Scientists say experiments recreating aquatic conditions in the...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eMinute traces of antidepressants which escape into water from human waste can make shrimp subdue their natural behaviour raising their risk of being eaten by  predators.\u003cbr/\u003eScientists say experiments recreating aquatic conditions in the laboratory show antidepressants are having an effect on our wildlife.\u003cbr/\u003eBy watching how these animals move, scientists are learning about how small animals like these shrimp and these crabs are affected by drugs we take to affect our moods.\u003cbr/\u003eScientists say despite going through our bodies, and sewage treatment plants, antidepressants don't break down completely so different concentrations of them can be found waters around the world.  \u003cbr/\u003eBecause we don't normally watch these sea creatures in detail we probably don't realise the impact our waste is having in the environment.\u003cbr/\u003eScientists here at the University of Portsmouth created experiments to show us.\u003cbr/\u003eThey've tested water in rivers and estuaries and recreated the same aquatic environment in these tanks and watched how these shrimp and other animals reacted.\u003cbr/\u003eSome were exposed to a high dose, others to a low dose and these were compared to a control group.\u003cbr/\u003eDr. Alex Ford led the study and he issuing a special edition paper in the journal Aquatic Toxicology later this month.\u003cbr/\u003eHe explains: \"Drugs that can control serotonin can have a wide ranging impact on organisms, for example, these snails over here have been shown to drop off the sides tanks at certain concentrations of antidepressants in the water.\"\u003cbr/\u003eIn 2011 doctors issued 46.7 million prescriptions for antidepressants according to the National Health Service in the UK.  \u003cbr/\u003eThe concern according to Ford is that crustaceans like these are a vital link in the aquatic food chain and an ecosystem which is finely balanced.\u003cbr/\u003eThe natural behaviour of shrimp is to seek the shelter of this stone, when it's removed they suddenly feel exposed and start swimming frantically.\u003cbr/\u003eThose in contaminated water actively seek out the light.\u003cbr/\u003eFord says: \"We know that serotonin controls aggression in these crabs here. We know that these particular shrimp here change colour dependent on levels of serotonin and dopamine in their body. So an antidepressant that can alter those could potentially change their colour also. We also know concentrations in here (holds up small container), so it just takes a concentration this amount, if that was placed in an Olympic sized swimming pool would change the ability of these shrimp inside here to perceive light and they would become attracted to light.\"\u003cbr/\u003eThe amount in that small container is just 25 milligrams.\u003cbr/\u003eFord is part of the Institute of Marine Sciences which is at the mouth of an estuary overlooking the Solent and the shrimp for his studies have all come from these waters.\u003cbr/\u003eIn previous years scientists have carried out studies to show how oestrogen in our waste is affecting the sexual organs of fish, but researchers here say the impact of antidepressants has been neglected:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Downstream of sewage treatment plants these oestrogenic substances were having effects on feminising the fish, we can detect that in male fish they were showing signs of being feminised. We don't know yet whether the antidepressants that we currently looking at are having an effect in the rivers and streams and the oceans around our countries, but we do know from laboratory studies, that the concentrations that we detect them in the environment can have, sometimes a very subtle, but sometimes very dramatic effects on the biology of these aquatic organs.\"\u003cbr/\u003eFord says:\"Amphipod shrimp for instance can be more attracted to light. Usually they would hide away from light and look for dark areas, but if we put antidepressants in the water which will alter their serotonin, they will suddenly become more attracted to light and spend more time in the light. As a result of that they may be more likely predated upon because they like to hide underneath rocks and seaweed, which might have an effect on their populations.\"\u003cbr/\u003eUltimately Ford is arguing for a change in the way many countries dispose of pharmaceuticals.\u003cbr/\u003eHe explains some countries have a retrieval scheme so all our pharmaceuticals could be collected by chemists and sent for incineration.\u003cbr/\u003eHe says: \"The ultimate repository of water in our rivers are the estuaries and then the oceans, so we are continually flushing out all our human waste down into the sea. Not all of this waste gets broken down, some of it bioaccumulates in the aquatic organisms. Some of it gets locked away in the sediment for a period of time and when that sediment may be redredged, it might take the chemicals back out where it can have a biological effect.\"\u003cbr/\u003eResearchers from  USA, Canada, Sweden, France, Italy and China are submitting special papers on marine life for publication April 3, 2014.\u003cbr/\u003eAccording to Ford: \"We need to get a handle on all the different biologically active chemicals that we takes as pharmaceuticals. We shouldn't just take this for granted that once we pop a pill then it doesn't have an effect on the environment, because large percentages of the active chemicals we take don't remain in our bodies, they get excreted from our bodies, it then ends up in a sewage treatment plant which doesn't have the capability to fully break down these chemicals so they ultimately end back out in the environment and even though they're incredibly low concentrations, what we're finding out now is these minute trace concentrations of chemicals can still have an impact on our wildlife.\"\u003cbr/\u003eMarine scientists like Ford are concerned that while we humans may worry about long term side effects from antidepressants on ourselves, we are not showing enough consideration about the side effects we may be inflicting on marine organisms.\u003cbr/\u003ePortsmouth, UK, February 14, 2014\u003cbr/\u003e1. Various of shrimp in laboratory tank\u003cbr/\u003e2. Close of crabs in laboratory tank\u003cbr/\u003e3. Close zoom out of water in crab tank \u003cbr/\u003e4. Mid of Dr. Alex Ford walking to tank and replacing shrimp\u003cbr/\u003e5. Close zoom out from Ford to tank\u003cbr/\u003e6. Close of Ford removing sheltering stone in shrimp tank to show how their normal behaviour is to keep out of the light\u003cbr/\u003e7. Close of shrimp crowding to the corner of the tank\u003cbr/\u003e8. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003e\"Drugs that can control serotonin can have a wide ranging impact on organisms, for example, these snails over here have been shown to drop off the sides tanks at certain concentrations of antidepressants in the water.\"\u003cbr/\u003e9. Close of snail in tank\u003cbr/\u003e10. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003e\"We know that serotonin controls aggression in these crabs here. We know that these particular shrimp here change colour dependent on levels of serotonin and dopamine in their body. So an antidepressant that can alter those could potentially change their colour also. We also know concentrations in here (holds up small container), so it just takes a concentration this amount, if that was placed in an Olympic sized swimming pool would change the ability of these shrimp inside here to perceive light and they would become attracted to light.\"\u003cbr/\u003e11. Wide of Ford walking along estuary looking out over sea \u003cbr/\u003e12. Close pull focus from boat to Ford\u003cbr/\u003e13. Close low view of water lapping at shore in foreground and Ford walking away in background \u003cbr/\u003e14. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003e\"Downstream of sewage treatment plants these oestrogenic substances were having effects on feminising the fish, we can detect that in male fish they were showing signs of being feminised. We don't know yet whether the antidepressants that we currently looking at are having an effect in the rivers and streams and the oceans around our countries, but we do know from laboratory studies, that the concentrations that we detect them in the environment can have, sometimes a very subtle, but sometimes very dramatic effects on the biology of these aquatic organs.\"\u003cbr/\u003e15. Close pull focus from instruments on desk to Ford placing shrimp under microscope lens \u003cbr/\u003e16. Close of small shrimp in dish \u003cbr/\u003e17. Close tilt up from dish to Ford on microscope \u003cbr/\u003e18.  SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003e\"Amphipod shrimp for instance can be more attracted to light. Usually they would hide away from light and look for dark areas, but if we put antidepressants in the water which will alter their serotonin, they will suddenly become more attracted to light and spend more time in the light. As a result of that they may be more likely predated upon because they like to hide underneath rocks and seaweed, which might have an effect on their populations.\"\u003cbr/\u003e19. Close of microscope view of shrimp\u003cbr/\u003e20. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003eThe ultimate repository of water in our rivers are the estuaries and then the oceans, so we are continually flushing out all our human waste down into the sea. Not all of this waste gets broken down, some of it bioaccumulates in the aquatic organisms. Some of it gets locked away in the sediment for a period of time and when that sediment may be redredged, it might take the chemicals back out where it can have a biological effect.\"\u003cbr/\u003e21. Close of tray of shrimp in dishes being placed in machine for experiment \u003cbr/\u003e22. Close of shrimp in dishes on tray and lid being pulled down\u003cbr/\u003e23. Mid of Ford closing shutter on machine \u003cbr/\u003e24. Close of monitor showing experiment is about to start \u003cbr/\u003e25. Close pull to focus of countdown for experiment on monitor at one minute then panning down to show shrimp moving quickly \u003cbr/\u003e26. SOUNDBITE: (English), Dr. Alex Ford, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth \u003cbr/\u003e\"We need to get a handle on all the different biologically active chemicals that we takes as pharmaceuticals. We shouldn't just take this for granted that once we pop a pill then it doesn't have an effect on the environment, because large percentages of the active chemicals we take don't remain in our bodies, they get excreted from our bodies, it then ends up in a sewage treatment plant which doesn't have the capability to fully break down these chemicals so they ultimately end back out in the environment and even though they're incredibly low concentrations, what we're finding out now is these minute trace concentrations of chemicals can still have an impact on our wildlife.\"\u003cbr/\u003e27. Close tilt up of estuary shore at low tide \u003cbr/\u003e28. Wide of boats on shore at low tide\u003cbr/\u003e29. 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