{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Judge takes stand in his trial relating to civil war atrocities' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c077d8eafeecae14af1c' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c077d8eafeecae14af1c' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nJudge takes stand in his trial relating to civil war atrocities\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003e1. Wide, Judge Baltasar Garzon, approaches small table in middle of court2. Wide, Judge Baltasar Garzon stands by a small table, pointing at it as if asking whether he is allow to sit down UPSOUND of the Judge saying \"Yes\", then Garzon...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003e1. Wide, Judge Baltasar Garzon, approaches small table in middle of court\u003cbr/\u003e2. Wide, Judge Baltasar Garzon stands by a small table, pointing at it as if asking whether he is allow to sit down UPSOUND of the Judge saying \"Yes\", then Garzon sits down\u003cbr/\u003e3. Mid of private prosecutors \u003cbr/\u003e4. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Your Honour, with your consent, I won't answer any of the questions of the private prosecution in view of the fact that it is not legitimised for being in this chamber doing the prosecution. Thank you.\"\u003cbr/\u003e5. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) President Judge (no name available):\u003cbr/\u003e\"You are in your right.\"\u003cbr/\u003e6. Mid of Garzon taking notes, as the private prosecution asks questions which he has already said he won't answer\u003cbr/\u003e7. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, Defence lawyer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"What are the characteristics of the complaints which you received in your court?\"\u003cbr/\u003e8. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"They (the complaints) described a series of events which happened before and after the Civil War, where there were listed disappearances, illegal detentions, murders, extra-judicial executions, a whole series of facts which appeared to be of a criminal nature which were registered as such, as well as crimes against humanity such as genocide, illegal detentions, assassination etc.\" \u003cbr/\u003e9. Wide rear shot of court\u003cbr/\u003e10. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"In any case, each and every one of them (the complaints) presented an appearance of a criminal nature.\"\u003cbr/\u003e11. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish)  Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, Defence lawyer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Did the complaints describe episodes of forced disappearance of persons?\" \u003cbr/\u003e12. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Yes, that is the case.\"\u003cbr/\u003e13. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish)  Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, Defence lawyer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Illegal assassination and burials?\"\u003cbr/\u003e14. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Yes, that is the case.\"\u003cbr/\u003e15. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish)  Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, Defence lawyer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Did they (the complaints) describe the kidnapping of minors who remain disappeared to date?\"\u003cbr/\u003e16. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"In Sept 2008, it was the first time there was mention of a case involving the  disappearance of children, which then evolved with the formal complaint presented - if I do not remember wrongly - the 6th of November of 2008 by Ricard Vines, presenting the \"libre irredentas\" (sic), as well as a volume of testimonials making reference to multiple cases of lost children, what has then been referred to as the \"lost children of Francos' regime.\" So, yes, there was (enough) reference to those events.\"\u003cbr/\u003e17. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish)  Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, Defence lawyer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Could the complaints which were presented during those two years present events which could be objectively compared to what was happening between 1933 and 1945 in other totalitarian regimes in Europe?\" \u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Judge Baltasar Garzon, defendant:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Absolutely, yes. The whole mechanics (of it) was practically identical. There were descriptions of facts of systematic elimination, of a pre-conceived plan and detentions, disappearances of persons who, many of them, thousands and thousands of them, remain disappeared to date.\"\u003cbr/\u003e19. Wide of court\u003cbr/\u003eThe Spanish judge known for pioneering cross-border justice cases is being tried as a criminal defendant for allegedly overstepping his jurisdiction with a probe of right-wing atrocities during and after the Spanish civil war.\u003cbr/\u003eBaltasar Garzon removed his black judge's robe in Madrid on Tuesday and took his place behind a small table in the ornate main chamber of the Spanish Supreme Court.\u003cbr/\u003eThe session began with the seven-judge panel overseeing the trial announcing it had rejected defence motions seeking to have the case thrown out on grounds including the alleged partiality of the judge who indicted Garzon in 2010.\u003cbr/\u003eGarzon declined to take questions from his accusers, which are two right-wing groups, \"in view of the fact that it is not legitimised for being in this chamber doing the prosecution,\" he said.\u003cbr/\u003eProsecutors had already said he had committed no crime. \u003cbr/\u003eBut in Spanish law, private citizens can seek to bring criminal charges against someone even if prosecutors disagree.\u003cbr/\u003eGarzon is perhaps best-known for indicting the late Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet in 1998, having him arrested while Pinochet visited London.\u003cbr/\u003eAt Tuesday's session, Garzon engaged in a carefully orchestrated and often dry, legalese-filled back and forth with his defence attorney, Gonzalo Martinez-Fresneda, on the investigation Garzon began in 2006 and dropped in 2008 in a dispute over jurisdiction.\u003cbr/\u003eGarzon recalled a number of dates and resolutions he issued in an exchange that seemed out of synch with the drama of the moment: the only judge who dared launch a formal and unprecedented probe of the killing or forced disappearance of what he said were more than 100-thousand civilians at the hands of Franco supporters was sitting in court, charged with a crime for doing so and facing the end of his career, albeit not jail time, if convicted.\u003cbr/\u003e\"Each and every one of them (the complaints) presented an appearance of a criminal nature,\" he said as he argued that it was his duty as judge to pursue the cases.  \u003cbr/\u003eGarzon reiterated his argument that, under the body of international law that has accumulated since the Spanish civil war, the atrocities could not be covered by an amnesty passed in 1977 as Spain tried to move forward and restore democracy, two years after the death of Franco.\u003cbr/\u003eHe said many of the crimes he probed, such as forced disappearances, were \"permanent\" because no bodies were found and relatives were thus denied the right to give their loved ones a proper burial.\u003cbr/\u003eHe insisted killing and disappearances of civilians at the hands of Franco supporters during and in the years immediately after the war were systematic and thus a crime against humanity, and that his probe was justified, despite the additional argument by the plaintiffs that the crimes were covered by Spain's statute of limitations.\u003cbr/\u003eHe agreed with his lawyer's question that the events could be compared to actions by other totalitarian regimes in Europe. \u003cbr/\u003e\"Absolutely, yes.\" Garzon said. \"The whole mechanics (of it) was practically identical. There were descriptions of facts of systematic elimination, of a pre-conceived plan and detentions, disappearances of persons who, many of them, thousands and thousands of them, remain disappeared to date.\"\u003cbr/\u003eHe also indicted Osama bin Laden in 2003 over the September 11 attacks. \u003cbr/\u003eUnder the doctrine of universal jurisdiction - the idea that some crimes are so heinous they can be tried anywhere - Garzon and colleagues at the National Court have gone after rulers and officials from such disparate, far-flung places as Israel and Rwanda.\u003cbr/\u003eHuman rights groups have also hailed Garzon for ushering in an era in which victims of systematic crimes, such as abuses under former military regimes in Latin America, for instance, were inspired to come forth to demand justice and the repeal of amnesty laws.\u003cbr/\u003eBoth sides in the 1936-39 Spanish war - in which right-wing forces led by General Francisco Franco rose up against a leftist, Republican government and eventually won - committed atrocities. \u003cbr/\u003eBut the Franco regime carried out a thorough accounting of non-combatants killed by anti-Franco militia.\u003cbr/\u003eThe judge was tried earlier this month for overstepping his jurisdiction by ordering jailhouse wiretaps in a corruption probe.\u003cbr/\u003eHe is also being probed for his ties with a bank that financed seminars he oversaw in New York while on sabbatical in 2005 and 2006.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' 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