{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='The history of the Berlin Wall, twenty years after it came down' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54be8fd8eafeecae13c8b3' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54be8fd8eafeecae13c8b3' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nThe history of the Berlin Wall, twenty years after it came down\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003e1. Various construction of Berlin Wall 2. Various soldiers at wall AP Television Berlin - 2 November 20093. Wide of Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum, in his office4. SOUNDBITE (German) Prof. Dr. Hans...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003e1. Various construction of Berlin Wall \u003cbr/\u003e2. Various soldiers at wall \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - 2 November 2009\u003cbr/\u003e3. Wide of Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum, in his office\u003cbr/\u003e4. SOUNDBITE (German) Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum: \u003cbr/\u003e\"The East German government simply was afraid that there would be less and less people. Hundreds, thousands arrived in the West every day. And one of the places where it was easiest to change from one street to another was at the border in the middle of the city, at the border between West and East Berlin.\"\u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin - June 1961 \u003cbr/\u003e5. Wide Brandenburg Gate \u003cbr/\u003e6. Various West Berlin street scenes\u003cbr/\u003e7. Refugees in West Berlin reception camps.  \u003cbr/\u003e8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Reporter, No name available \u003cbr/\u003e\"Why did you come to West Berlin at this moment ?\"\u003cbr/\u003eSOUNDBITE: (English) Refugee, No name available\u003cbr/\u003e\"We feared that we can't go in the future\"\u003cbr/\u003eSOUNDBITE: (English) Reporter, No name available \u003cbr/\u003e\" You thought that the barriers were going to be closed ? \u003cbr/\u003eSOUNDBITE: (English) Refugee, No name available\u003cbr/\u003e\"Yes\"\u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin - 1961 - 1962 \u003cbr/\u003e9. Various of wall being built \u003cbr/\u003e10. Various shots of completed wall \u003cbr/\u003e11. Various people escaping through wire\u003cbr/\u003e12. Various people jumping out of buildings\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - 2 November 2009\u003cbr/\u003e13. SOUNDBITE (German) Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum: \u003cbr/\u003e\"During the building of the wall, the most spectacular attempts to flee were made when people tried to rope down from houses which stood right at the border, or to jump into nets provided by firefighters. Those attempts were also filmed and photographed, and these pictures attracted worldwide attention.\"\u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin - June 1961 \u003cbr/\u003e14. Various wreaths for people who died\u003cbr/\u003e15. Wide of Brandeburg Gate through barbed wire \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin - June 26, 1963\u003cbr/\u003e16.SOUNDBITE: (English) John F. Kennedy, President of the United States \u003cbr/\u003e \"Ich bin ein Berliner.\"\u003cbr/\u003e17. Wide of crowd \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - 2 November 2009\u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE (German) Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum: \u003cbr/\u003e\"The border definitely was perceived as painful, authentically painful. One did not need to have a political consciousness, one saw it, felt it, sensed it, and occasionally there were border crossing related infringements.\"\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - December 1965 \u003cbr/\u003e19. West Berliners cross into East Berlin with Christmas passes \u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin -  1971\u003cbr/\u003e20. Willy Brandt (Chancellor of West Germany 1969-1974) addresses the Bundestag (West German parliament)\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - 1971 \u003cbr/\u003e21. Various of look out towers and barbed wire\u003cbr/\u003eWashington, DC -- December 8, 1987\u003cbr/\u003e22. Reagan and Gorbachev sign treaty in White House\u003cbr/\u003eUPSOUND: (English) President Ronald Reagan\u003cbr/\u003e\"This is the signing of the INF Treaty.  It means that for the first time the Soviet Union agreed to destroy weapons they already had.\"\u003cbr/\u003eVNR, Ronald Reagan Library \u003cbr/\u003eWest Berlin, Germany - June 12, 1987  \u003cbr/\u003e23. Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin\u003cbr/\u003e24. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Ronald Reagan\u003cbr/\u003e\"Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate.\"\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - November 1989 \u003cbr/\u003e25. Pan from Checkpoint Charlie to crowd at crossing point\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - November 9, 1989 \u003cbr/\u003e26. Three men posing for photo on top of Berlin wall \u003cbr/\u003e27. The three men jump off wall, one falls over \u003cbr/\u003e28. People climbing over the wall \u003cbr/\u003e29 Crane beginning to dismantle the wall \u003cbr/\u003e30. Man using stone cutter to dismantle the wall\u003cbr/\u003e31. Various people celebrating \u003cbr/\u003eBerlin, 02 November 2009\u003cbr/\u003e32. SOUNDBITE (German) Prof. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, director of the German Historical Museum: \u003cbr/\u003e\"It was like the approximation of two magnets, the power of the crowd and the right of the masses overran the border guards, making all security and control measures redundant. And then those from East Berlin were on the streets of West Berlin - and vice versa as well.\"\u003cbr/\u003eBerlin - November 10, 1989 \u003cbr/\u003e33. East German soldiers standing on wall while people below push down wall panels\u003cbr/\u003e34. Various of people crossing the border\u003cbr/\u003e35. Pan across soldiers standing guard on wall at the Brandenburg Gate \u003cbr/\u003e9th November 1989 was the night the Berlin wall came down.\u003cbr/\u003eIt was built in 1961 to stop East Berliners escaping Communism by fleeing to the West.\u003cbr/\u003eThe divisive structure was a key and potent symbol of the Cold War and its collapse helped herald the wider collapse of communism across eastern Europe.\u003cbr/\u003eDuring the Cold War, Germany was divided into the communist East and the democratic West, or federal republic.\u003cbr/\u003eThe division emerged after allied forces divided its territory in the wake of World War II, triggered by Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland.  \u003cbr/\u003eProf. Dr. Hans Ottomeyer, is the director of the German Historical Museum. \u003cbr/\u003eHe explains that Communist East Germany began construction of the barrier on Aug. 13, 1961 in an attempt to stop the dramatic flight of people to the West.\u003cbr/\u003e\"The East German government simply was afraid that there would be less and less people. Hundreds, thousands arrived in the West every day. And one of the places where it was easiest to change from one street to another was at the border in the middle of the city, at the border between West and East Berlin.\"\u003cbr/\u003eBy 1989, the wall stretched nearly 100 miles (155 kilometres) around West Berlin, including 30 miles (43 kilometres) through the city itself. \u003cbr/\u003eOn Aug. 13, 1961 East German troops began sealing off the eastern sector of Berlin with barbed wire and roadblocks to begin building Berlin Wall.\u003cbr/\u003eThe wall itself was nearly 12 feet (3.6 metres) high in places, and the border also boasted hundreds of watch towers, miles of anti-vehicle trenches, bunkers, barbed wire, signal fences and other obstacles to escape.\u003cbr/\u003eMany tried to cross it. Some succeeded, others were captured or killed.\u003cbr/\u003eCrossing was still possible at points between East Germany and West Berlin as Professor Ottomeyer explains.\u003cbr/\u003e\"During the building of the wall, the most spectacular attempts to flee were made when people tried to rope down from houses which stood right at the border, or to jump into nets provided by firefighters. Those attempts were also filmed and photographed, and these pictures attracted worldwide attention.\"\u003cbr/\u003eOn Aug. 22, 1961, Ida Siekmann, aged 49, was killed after jumping from the window of her apartment on Bernauer Strasse, on the border of East and West Berlin, in attempt to escape to the West. \u003cbr/\u003eOn Aug. 24, 1961, the first person was shot while trying to escape. \u003cbr/\u003eGuenter Litfin, aged 24, was killed by East German border guards while trying to escape into West Berlin near the downtown Charite hospital.\u003cbr/\u003eAt least 136 people lost their lives at the wall before it came down, while hundreds more died along the entire length of the border between East and West Germany. \u003cbr/\u003eThousands of others managed to successfully escape.\u003cbr/\u003eIn 1962, work began on a second-generation wall, which included the addition of a fence 100 yards further inside East German territory to create a wide, closely controlled \"death strip\" between the two barriers.\u003cbr/\u003eOn June 26, 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy visited  the divided city, proclaiming solidarity with West Berlin with the immortal words: \"Ich bin ein Berliner\".  \u003cbr/\u003eIn 1965 construction begins on third-generation wall, using concrete slabs.\u003cbr/\u003eOttomeyer says the wall had a profound effect on people living in both sectors of Berlin. \u003cbr/\u003e\"The border definitely was perceived as painful, authentically painful. One did not need to have a political consciousness, one saw it, felt it, sensed it, and occasionally there were border crossing related infringements.\"\u003cbr/\u003eIn December 1965 Christmas passes were granted to allow some West Berlin residents to visit relatives in East Berlin.\u003cbr/\u003eWilly Brandt, West German chancellor from 1969 to 1974, made overtures in the 1960s and 1970s to the Soviet bloc helping to bridge the East-West chasm and encourage rapprochement between the two Germanys, as part of his policy of Ostpolitik. \u003cbr/\u003eIn 1975, work began on the fourth-generation wall, using interlocking concrete segments, and also adding watch towers and other defences.\u003cbr/\u003eIn 1987 another US President Ronald Reagan visited and called on the then-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"tear down this wall!\". \u003cbr/\u003eReagan and Gorbachev had already met several times to try to bring an end to the Cold War. \u003cbr/\u003eDuring the summer of 1989, thousands of East Germans fled to West Germany through Hungary.\u003cbr/\u003eBy August 1989, tens of thousands of East Germans were swamping West German diplomatic missions in East Berlin, Czechoslovakia and Hungary seeking asylum. \u003cbr/\u003eThe momentum was clearly building and on Nov. 9, 1989: East Germany opened the Berlin Wall checkpoints. \u003cbr/\u003eOttomeyer says it was inevitable that the guards would succumb to the power of the people. \u003cbr/\u003e \"It was like the approximation of two magnets, the power of the crowd and the right of the masses overran the border guards, making all security and control measures redundant. And then those from East Berlin were on the streets of West Berlin - and vice versa as well.\"\u003cbr/\u003eOttomeyer (who was from West Germany and had no relatives in East Germany) was in Munich the night the Berlin wall fell, and he did not hear the news until noon of Nov 10th. \u003cbr/\u003eGermany was reunified on Oct. 3, 1990, less than a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'\u003eResource 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