{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Children mine gold destined for the international market place' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bd5dd8eafeecae13395a' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bd5dd8eafeecae13395a' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nChildren mine gold destined for the international market place\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eTenkoto - Senegal near Mali border - October 2007  1. Momodou (13 years old, wears yellow T-shirt ) mixing solution in plastic container2. Momodou pours white mercury into the palm of his hand3. Wide of  Momodou mixing the sand4. Various...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eTenkoto - Senegal near Mali border - October 2007  \u003cbr/\u003e1. Momodou (13 years old, wears yellow T-shirt ) mixing solution in plastic container\u003cbr/\u003e2. Momodou pours white mercury into the palm of his hand\u003cbr/\u003e3. Wide of  Momodou mixing the sand\u003cbr/\u003e4. Various of men pounding rocks \u003cbr/\u003e5. Close up of man sifting the rocks\u003cbr/\u003e6. Various of Momodou pounding the rocks\u003cbr/\u003e7. Close up of man pouring mercury into his palm, then back into the container and then he pours the mercury into a bucket of mud\u003cbr/\u003e8. Close up of Momodou pouring the mud on the sluicing station\u003cbr/\u003e9.Various of Saliou (12 years old, wears red T-shirt) preparing the sluicing station\u003cbr/\u003e10. Close up of Momodou mixing solution \u003cbr/\u003e11. SOUNDBITE : (Phular) Saliou, aged 12 (please note: audio level is very low):\u003cbr/\u003e\"It is when I got close to my father that I started to know what gold is. I wash it, I treat it.\"\u003cbr/\u003e12. SOUNDBITE : (Phular) Saliou, aged 12 (audio level is very low):\u003cbr/\u003e\" My arms and my back are hurting. Work is very difficult\"\u003cbr/\u003e13. Wide of Momodou, Saliou and two teenage miners, preparing a bicycle and beginning the walk to Mali \u003cbr/\u003e14. Mid of 4x4 vehicle carrying the miners driving towards Mali\u003cbr/\u003eHamdalaye, Mali - October 2007  \u003cbr/\u003e15. Wide of mine site in Hamdalaye \u003cbr/\u003e16. Various of teenage miner helping to take gold ore out of mine shafts \u003cbr/\u003e17. Various of young adult miner descending into mine shaft \u003cbr/\u003e18. Mid of gold ore emptied from bucket \u003cbr/\u003e19. Mid of second young adult miner descending into mine shaft, two miners in shaft\u003cbr/\u003e(Daylight conditions)\u003cbr/\u003e20.Various of teenage miner pulling pulleys to lift heavy buckets gold ore out of mine shafts \u003cbr/\u003e21.Close up younger teenage miners pulling pulleys to lift heavy buckets gold ore out of mine shafts \u003cbr/\u003e22.Wide of both boys working \u003cbr/\u003e23.Close up of younger teenage worker\u003cbr/\u003e24. Wide of miners and women by the river with sluicing stations\u003cbr/\u003e25. Various of women sieving suspension in the river \u003cbr/\u003e26. Wide of man and girl working\u003cbr/\u003e27. Wide of river bank, two very young girls in the foreground, one has a baby on her back \u003cbr/\u003e28. Close up of man washing mud\u003cbr/\u003e29. Wide of the sluicing stations (where they wash the ore and the sand)\u003cbr/\u003e30. Saliou (wears red T-shirt) and another worker mixing the mud with the gold ore\u003cbr/\u003e31. Various Saliou and another boy push a wheelbarrow up hill away from river \u003cbr/\u003e32. Wide shot village\u003cbr/\u003e33. SOUNDBITE : (French) Oumar Cissoko, Village Health Worker:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Mercury causes us a lot of problems, really bad, enormous problems, also because the artisanal miners wash the sluicing stations in the river - the water from the river is used in other locations.\"\u003cbr/\u003e34. Various of gold dust being sorted \u003cbr/\u003e35. Various of gold dust being weighed \u003cbr/\u003eBamako, Mali - October 2007 \u003cbr/\u003e36. Various shots of man smelting of the gold ore \u003cbr/\u003e37. Various of gold ore being turned into gold bar\u003cbr/\u003e38. Mid of men hammering gold \u003cbr/\u003e39. Mid of gold trader Boubacar Camara (no UPSOUND)\u003cbr/\u003e40. Wide of exterior of Abou Bah's export office \u003cbr/\u003e41. Close up of sign on interior wall reads \"Abou Bah - import - export\" \u003cbr/\u003eGeneva, Switzerland - April 2008 \u003cbr/\u003e42. Pan to exterior of Decafin SA office in Rue de Rhone\u003cbr/\u003e43. Pan down of building which includes Decafin SA offices \u003cbr/\u003e44. Close up sign reading (Decafin SA) \u003cbr/\u003e45. ILO sign \u003cbr/\u003e46. Pan of ILO documents about child mining \u003cbr/\u003e47. Set up Susan Gunn, senior technical adviser of international programme\u003cbr/\u003e48. SOUNDBITE : (English) Susan Gunn, senior technical adviser of international programme on the elimination of child labour (IPEC)\u003cbr/\u003e\"Frankly, it's a very serious problem.  We estimate about one million children worldwide are involved in small scale mining.  None are known to be involved in the large industrial mining but it's in the small scale sector.  A lot of people think that it's probably just a problem in one or two countries but actually you find quite a number of countries - South America, the Andean region, West Africa, Philippines, Mongolia, Indonesia - but you also find it in Europe as well.  Ukraine, for example, coal mining.  So no country is really uninvolved, in a sense, some are producers and some are buyers. \"\u003cbr/\u003e49. Cutaway  ILO documents about child mining \u003cbr/\u003e50. SOUNDBITE : (English) Susan Gunn, senior technical adviser of international programme on the elimination of child labour (IPEC)\u003cbr/\u003e\"In addition to the actual work that they do, they carry very heavy loads, they are exposed to chemicals like Mercury which pose an extreme danger to the nervous system, kidneys, the respiratory system, reproductive system.\"   \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eNew York, United States - June 2008\u003cbr/\u003e51. Wide shot Tiffany \u0026amp; Co\u003cbr/\u003e52. Close up Tiffany \u0026amp; Co \u003cbr/\u003e53. Tiffany \u0026amp; Co window\u003cbr/\u003eTenkoto - Senegal near Mali border \u003cbr/\u003eOctober 2007  \u003cbr/\u003e54. Saliou preparing the sluicing station\u003cbr/\u003eThe United Nations labour agency estimates up to a quarter of a million child gold miners are working in gruelling conditions in West Africa. \u003cbr/\u003eIf you wear a gold ring, write with a gold tipped pen or have gold in your investment portfolio, the chances are your life is connected to those children. \u003cbr/\u003eIn a year long investigation by the Associated Press, our journalists visited six bush mines, in three West African nations, and interviewed more than 150 child workers. \u003cbr/\u003eHere is the story of some of those children working in Senegal and Mali.\u003cbr/\u003eMomodou is just thirteen years old. \u003cbr/\u003eHe works in a bush mine on the Senegal - Mali border in the village of Tenkoto.\u003cbr/\u003eTenkoto, once a pinprick on the savannah, is now a mining village of 10,000 people. \u003cbr/\u003eEvery week more children arrive to work in the hundreds of primitive mines in the bush. \u003cbr/\u003eHere they endure long hours at dangerous jobs, wringing flecks of gold from the dirt with mercury. \u003cbr/\u003eOne of them is a 12-year-old boy named Saliou. He's less than 4 feet tall. \u003cbr/\u003eSaliou and his friends, Hassane, 12, and Momodou, 13, journeyed to the Tenkoto mine in Senegal a year ago.\u003cbr/\u003eThe boys were living with their families in Guinea. The village school closed when the only teacher left, so for three years they worked in their fathers' fields.\u003cbr/\u003eAs the price of gold hit a 26-year high, a man approached them. \u003cbr/\u003eHe offered to take them to a place where money hid inside the ground. \u003cbr/\u003eHe said they would be paid $2 a day, and advised them not to tell their parents - so Saliou set off on a trek of more than a hundred miles, taking a week to arrive at a make-shift gold mining site.\u003cbr/\u003eIn a region where four-year-olds haul water and tend goats, boys of Saliou's age are expected to earn money for their families. Senegal prohibits anyone under 18 from doing hazardous work, and mining is among the most hazardous of jobs. However, the laws are seldom enforced.\u003cbr/\u003eChildren travel from mine to mine, moving with the gold. \u003cbr/\u003eDuring a pause in his day, Saliou says his arms and back hurt. The work is very difficult, he admits.\u003cbr/\u003eSix months after Saliou arrived in Tenkoto, his boss decided the mine was nearly played out. So he and the boys walked for more than a week, crossed the Senegal border, and arrived at another mine in Hamdalaye, Mali.\u003cbr/\u003eIn Hamdalaye it's the same story as at the mine in Tenkoto. Men and teenage boys clamber down mine shafts 30 to 50 meters deep. The shafts are as narrow as manholes. Younger teens then yank the rocks up with a pulley.\u003cbr/\u003eSaliou struggles to steer wheelbarrows of dirt over rutted paths. He pounds the dirt with wood for hours until it's as fine as flour - he then washes the dirt in a large sieve-like box. \u003cbr/\u003eSquatting next to a plastic tub, boys of school age pours mercury onto their bare hands. Mercury attracts gold like a magnet.\u003cbr/\u003eThe tubs of dirt yield a tiny silver ball.  This can be heated up over a charcoal fire to make the mercury evaporate, leaving a fleck of gold behind.\u003cbr/\u003eThe World Health Organisation says that mercury is a potent nerve toxin, meaning that it targets the brain. It's especially dangerous for children since their nervous systems are still developing. Typical symptoms of mercury poisoning include mental retardation, loss of balance, tremors blindness, and loss of hearing.\u003cbr/\u003eOumar Cissoko, a village health worker in Hamdalaye, acknowledges mercury can cause a lot of health problems.\u003cbr/\u003eOnce the tiny flecks of gold have been extracted they buyers step in offering the same price for a gram of gold - roughly $19 USD (note: there are 31 grams in a troy ounce, the standard weight used to measure gold). \u003cbr/\u003eThe buyers lend the miners money to purchase tools and bags of untreated dirt - in return they get the first crack at the gold. \u003cbr/\u003eOnce the deals are done the gold is taken four miles away to Bamako, the capital of Mali.\u003cbr/\u003eThere, five gold barons operate. Boubacar Camara agreed to be filmed by the AP. Four other gold traders also operate in Bamako - they are: Fantamadi Traore, Fabou Traore, Sadou Diallo and El Haj Moussa Diaby, whose business is now handled by his son, Fode Diaby.\u003cbr/\u003eThe price for gold from Tenkoto is $22.40 a gram - about $3.40 more than the buyers paid the miners.\u003cbr/\u003eAll five traders sell their gold to Abou Bah, (note: also spelled Ba), who regularly takes bush gold out of the country.\u003cbr/\u003eBah declined to give an interview on camera, but in a statement to the AP, off camera, Bah acknowledged that all of his gold comes from bush mines, including the two mines where the AP saw Saliou and dozens of other children working.\u003cbr/\u003eRecords show between January of 2003 and March of 2008, Bah exported over 800 kilograms of gold to Switzerland. \u003cbr/\u003eOnce in Switzerland, Bah's gold enters the nebulous world of Swiss banking and precious metals trading, where secrecy is enshrined in both tradition and law. Swiss customs records, like its banking transactions, are confidential.\u003cbr/\u003eBut customs' records in Mali show that since 2003, 96 percent of Bah's exports have been purchased by two small Geneva companies. \u003cbr/\u003eDecafin buys nearly a fifth of Bah's gold. The rest, worth about $18 million at today's gold price, was bought by Monetary Institute, run by former Decafin executive Judah Leon Morali.\u003cbr/\u003eDecafin is a family business located on Geneva's exclusive rue du Rhone. \u003cbr/\u003eThe company and its lawyer have declined to do an interview on camera.\u003cbr/\u003eBut, when questioned off camera, Marc Arazi, Decafin's principal officer, first denied buying from Bah. \u003cbr/\u003eLater, his outside attorney, Marc Oederlin, said Decafin's business relationship with Bah was undeniable and added that Arazi acknowledges it.\u003cbr/\u003eThe lawyer said Decafin is concerned about child labour, and is certain that the gold it imports could not come from mines where children work. \u003cbr/\u003eBut he also said Decafin has no legal responsibility to investigate how the gold it imports is mined. \u003cbr/\u003eEarlier this year, Decafin sued the AP in Switzerland to prevent its name from being published in this story, claiming it would unfairly damage the company's reputation. \u003cbr/\u003eDecafin stated in court papers that its gold could not be mined by children in Senegal and Mali because Bah gets it from northern Guinea. Arazi visited the area in 2005, Decafin said, and if he had seen underage workers he would not have done business with Bah.\u003cbr/\u003eUnited Nations mining experts, who inspected the region a few months after Arazi, estimated that 10 to 20 percent of its thousands of mine workers were children. The report also documented fatal collapses of poorly constructed mine shafts, nonexistent sanitation and extreme poverty.\u003cbr/\u003eIn addition, when the AP visited the area in April 2008, hundreds of children were seen still taking part in gold mining.\u003cbr/\u003eSenegal, like Mali and Guinea, is a signatory to the International Labour Organisation's Convention on the Worst Form of Child Labour (No. 184). The ILO is an agency within the UN. \u003cbr/\u003eThe conventions state that countries will prevent children from being engaged in work that is harmful to their health. \u003cbr/\u003eMining falls under the definition of the worst forms of child labour. All three countries have also passed the minimum age convention which states that children should not do hazardous work before the age of 18.\u003cbr/\u003eSusan Gunn, Senior Technical Adviser of International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) says it's a very serious problem. She says an estimated one million children worldwide are involved in small scale mining in a number of countries (note: according to Gunn, not all of the children are involved in gold mining).\u003cbr/\u003eThe trail of gold that begins in Saliou's mercury-tainted hands ends with bullion in bank vaults and with necklaces, rings and bracelets sold by jewelry retailers all over the world.\u003cbr/\u003ePrecisely which products contain child-mined gold, no one can say for sure. Unlike a diamond, gold does not keep its identity on its tortuous journey from mine to market. \u003cbr/\u003eIt passes through ten or more hands. And when it is melted, usually several times, and mixed with gold from other sources, its address is effectively erased.\u003cbr/\u003eJewellers and retailers worldwide then make or buy products made of gold in which bush gold is intermingled. Some are troubled by this.\u003cbr/\u003eOne prominent retailer,Tiffany \u0026amp; Co. has expressed concern about child labour, and frustration that it can't certify its products are free of gold mined by youngsters.\u003cbr/\u003eBecause bush mines, where child labour is ubiquitous, supply a fifth of the world's gold (according to the United Nations), the company realises its supply lines may well be compromised. \u003cbr/\u003eTiffany \u0026amp; Co. is a part of the Council for Responsible Jewellery Practices, which was formed several years ago to seek ways to help reduce the market for gold mined by children.\u003cbr/\u003eBut the council has found no effective way to enforce compliance.\u003cbr/\u003eFor Saliou the work in the mines goes on - he says he dreams that one day he'll own something made of gold.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more 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africa, social issues, africa, europe, coal mining, western europe, mali, child labor\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='concepts-toggle-buttons' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' class='more btn-link' type='button'\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eShow More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-down ml5'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='true' class='less btn-link' style='display: none;' type='button'\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eShow Less\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-up ml5'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='additional-tags-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='additional-tags-heading'\u003eAdditional Tags\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='clearfix'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='details-list keyterms' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator' data-type='keyterms'\u003eenergy industry, metals and minerals industry, involved, tiffany \u0026amp; co., social affairs, rivers and streams, public, extreme danger, labor issues, retail industry, retail and wholesale, bamako, materials industry, find, precious metals industry, child welfare, problem, united nations, consumer services, environment and nature, pose, guinea, industries, gold mining and refining, geneva, human welfare, flew, consumer products and services\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='keyterms-toggle-buttons' data-identifier='Boclips::VideoDecorator'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' class='more btn-link' type='button'\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eShow More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fa-solid fa-caret-down ml5'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='true' class='less btn-link' style='display: none;' type='button'\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eShow 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