{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Archaeological discovery causes experts to rethink Christian theory' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bc73d8eafeecae12cbd7' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bc73d8eafeecae12cbd7' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nArchaeological discovery causes experts to rethink Christian theory\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eThe exact location where Jesus Christ was sentenced to death has remained a mystery for thousands of years.Many Christians place the trial near Temple Mount in Jerusalem's Old City.But - with the discovery of an ancient palace near Mount...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eThe exact location where Jesus Christ was sentenced to death has remained a mystery for thousands of years.\u003cbr/\u003eMany Christians place the trial near Temple Mount in Jerusalem's Old City.\u003cbr/\u003eBut - with the discovery of an ancient palace near Mount Zion  - some experts are beginning to rethink long-held theories.\u003cbr/\u003eWhen Israeli archaeologists began to excavate The Kishle prison in Jerusalem's Old City in 1999, they were unaware of what they were about to find.\u003cbr/\u003eLittle did they know, the ground of this Ottoman-era jail hid the remains of Herod's palace - a Jewish monarch who ruled Jerusalem and the Holy Land two millennia ago.\u003cbr/\u003eJerusalem's successive Turkish, British and Jordanian rulers stationed garrisons here at The Kishle before the Israeli conquest of Jerusalem in 1967. \u003cbr/\u003eOne part of The Kishle is now a police station, where Israeli officers manage the volatile religious and ethnic brew that is now Jerusalem's Old City. \u003cbr/\u003eIn another part of the jail, experts from Israel's Antiquities Authority found a surprise.\u003cbr/\u003eWhile excavating there in 1999, they uncovered the retaining walls of a palace which they say was built by Herod the Great.\u003cbr/\u003eExcavation at The Kishle ended in 2000, with the location remaining sealed.\u003cbr/\u003eNow, the Tower of David - an ancient fortress to whose compound the Kishle belongs - plans to open it to the public in June and eventually transform it into a visitor centre.\u003cbr/\u003eAmit Re'em is an archaeologist for Israel's Antiquities Authority and was part of the team that excavated The Kishle. \u003cbr/\u003eHe vividly remembers the moment it became clear the massive structure at the bottom of the prison couldn't be anything else but the foundations of Herod's palace.\u003cbr/\u003eIsraeli archaeologists found two parallel walls, a sophisticated sewage system, coins and ceramics dating back to that period.\u003cbr/\u003eThe two retaining walls included rectangular-shaped cut blocks - or 'ashlar' stones as they're known - which correspond to a description given by Jewish historian Flavius Josephus.\u003cbr/\u003eRe'em is convinced only someone like Herod, could order the construction of such a structure.\u003cbr/\u003e\"The archaeological remains that we found in the excavation points to that this ground is the actual palace of Herod the Great,\" he says.\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have the retaining walls, it was a massive engineering project, and we see it in the excavation. We even found an enormous underground sewage that could only belong to the palace of Herod.\"\u003cbr/\u003eHerod the Great - who died in 4BC and was succeeded by his son Herod Antipas - was vilified in the New Testament as a bloodthirsty tyrant who massacred Bethlehem's male children to prevent the prophesised birth of Jesus.\u003cbr/\u003ePerhaps it was at this palace near the Old City's Mount Zion that the trial of Jesus occurred.\u003cbr/\u003e\"Where exactly the sentence of Jesus took place there are two major candidates,\" says Re'em.\u003cbr/\u003e\"First is the Antonia barracks fortress in the north-western corner of the Temple Mount and the other is the palace of Herod. Now, when we excavated the foundations of Herod's palace it made this description of the Bible more vivid.\"\u003cbr/\u003eThe theory that the trial of Jesus took place in Herod's palace is also supported by some Christian historians\u003cbr/\u003eIt's based on the idea that Pontius Pilate, the Roman procurator who according to the Bible sentenced Jesus, lived inside the palace.\u003cbr/\u003eIn Flavius Josephus' account, Roman procurators lived in King Herod's palace, meaning Pilate may have stayed there as well.\u003cbr/\u003e\"After Herod's death, a few decades longer ahead, the Roman procurator, the Roman government sit probably, maybe, sat inside the palace,\" says Re'em.\u003cbr/\u003e\"This was his palace, his room, so we know that Jesus was sentenced in the palace of the procurator, So maybe, again, this event was here.\"\u003cbr/\u003eDuring the first Crusader period, the Via Dolorosa - a pilgrim's route which retraces Jesus' last steps - passed through the area where Herod's palace has been found.\u003cbr/\u003eAccording to Re'em, this adds further strength to their new theory.\u003cbr/\u003e\"The beginning of the Crusader period, the famous Via Dolorosa, the last way of Jesus, passed through here,\" he says.\u003cbr/\u003e\"It began in the Mount of Zion which is south to us and goes further to the north, to the Holy Sepulcher, where Jesus was crucified and buried, and passed through Herod's palace's remains.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAway from the The Kishle prison, there's another expert weighing on the new theory.\u003cbr/\u003eFr. Eugenio Alliata is a Christian archaeology professor at Jerusalem's Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, an academic institution in Jerusalem dedicated to biblical and archaeological studies.\u003cbr/\u003eThe Bible's New Testament refers to the Jerusalem residence of Pontius Pilate as the \"praetorium\", says Alliata, and the idea that it could correspond to Herod's palace has some validity, Fr. Alliata admits.\u003cbr/\u003eHowever, Alliata says Christians are sticking to the long-held theory that Pilate resided at the Antonia Fortress, a defensive palace near Temple Mount.\u003cbr/\u003e\"It can be also that the praetorium was in some other place, where the Roman official was staying,\" he says.\u003cbr/\u003e\"And one place where he could have stayed is also the Antonia Fortress because it was very near to Temple Mount and a very sensitive place.\"\u003cbr/\u003eIt was at the Antonia Fortress, with its four defensive towers and courtyard that Pilate could have controlled the crowds and prevented the turmoil that occurred at the time.\u003cbr/\u003eTen centuries ago, this latest Christian theory replaced an earlier Crusader version which placed Jesus' trial at Herod's palace.\u003cbr/\u003eAlliata says the Catholic Church would be willing to change its mind, but only if there were enough evidence.\u003cbr/\u003e\"Usually we stay with the last tradition we receive, and it is necessary to have a very strong argument in favour of an older tradition to go back to that,\" he says. \u003cbr/\u003e\"But if it happens, sometimes it happens, and we are ready also to go back to a stronger tradition, but first we'll need a confirmation.\"\u003cbr/\u003eToday, an ancient wall at the bottom of a mosque minaret is believed to be the surviving structure of the Antonia Fortress, a large building which occupied an area outside of Temple Mount, the most important religious sanctuary of the Jewish religion.\u003cbr/\u003eChristian theory places the exact location of Jesus' trial inside the courtyard of what is today a Muslim girls school, named 'Madrasa al-Omariya', thought to once have been part of the fortress.\u003cbr/\u003eIt's here the Via Dolorosa, or Way of the Cross, begins.\u003cbr/\u003ePilgrims' access to the school is restricted to only a few hours a week, so believers often start the route at the Convent of the Flagellation, just across the street from the school.\u003cbr/\u003eThe Franciscan monastery of the Flagellation hosts the second station of the Via Dolorosa, which commemorates the moment Jesus took up the cross.\u003cbr/\u003eThe convent includes the Church of the Flagellation, in memory of the flogging which Jesus received, and the Church of the Condemnation, where he was sentenced to death.\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eJerusalem - 20 March 2014\u003cbr/\u003e1. Long shot of Herodian wall inside Kishle prison archaeological excavation\u003cbr/\u003e2. Tilt up of sewage system uncovered by archaeologists\u003cbr/\u003e3. Close of sewage system uncovered by archaeologists\u003cbr/\u003e4. Wide high shot of Kishle prison\u003cbr/\u003e5. Wide of Amit Re'em, Israel's Antiquities Authority archaeologist, pointing to wall inside Kishle prison. \u003cbr/\u003eUPSOUND (English): \"What you see here are the retaining walls, the foundation walls of Herod the Great. And actually in the middle you can see an 'ashlar stone' typical for the time of Herod.\"\u003cbr/\u003e6. Close of Re'em pointing to 'ashlar stone'\u003cbr/\u003e7. Wide of Re'em walking past wall\u003cbr/\u003e8. SOUNDBITE (English) Amit Re'em, Israel's Antiquities Authority archaeologist:\u003cbr/\u003e\"The archaeological remains that we found in the excavation points to that this ground is the actual palace of Herod the Great. We have the retaining walls, it was a massive engineering project, and we see it in the excavation. We even found an enormous underground sewage that could only belong to the palace of Herod.\"\u003cbr/\u003e9. Tilt down of archaeological excavations at Kishle prison\u003cbr/\u003e10. SOUNDBITE (English) Amit Re'em, Israel's Antiquities Authority archaeologist:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Where exactly the sentence of Jesus took place there are two major candidates. First is the Antonia barracks fortress in the north-western corner of the Temple Mount and the other is the palace of Herod. Now, when we excavated the foundations of Herod's palace it made this description of the Bible more vivid.\"\u003cbr/\u003e11. Wide Herodian wall inside Kishle prison\u003cbr/\u003e12. Tilt up from Herodian wall to upper floor and window of Kishle prison\u003cbr/\u003e13. SOUNDBITE (English) Amit Re'em, Israel's Antiquities Authority archaeologist:\u003cbr/\u003e\"After Herod's death, a few decades longer ahead, the Roman procurator, the Roman government sit probably, maybe, sat inside the palace. This was his palace, his room, so we know that Jesus was sentenced in the palace of the procurator, So maybe, again, this event was here.\"\u003cbr/\u003e14. Mid of Herodian wall inside Kishle prison\u003cbr/\u003e15. SOUNDBITE (English) Amit Re'em, Israel's Antiquities Authority archaeologist:\u003cbr/\u003e\"The beginning of the Crusader period, the famous Via Dolorosa, the last way of Jesus, passed through here. It began in the Mount of Zion which is south to us and goes further to the north, to the Holy Sepulcher, where Jesus was crucified and buried, and passed through Herod's palace's remains.\"\u003cbr/\u003e16. Close of Kishle prison window\u003cbr/\u003e17. Wide of barbed wire on Kishle prison rooftop and Tower of David in background\u003cbr/\u003e18. Wide of minaret standing where it is thought Fortress Antonia was once located. Golden Dome and Temple Mount seen to the left\u003cbr/\u003e19. Mid of ancient wall below minaret\u003cbr/\u003e20. Wide of Madrasa al-Omariya, Muslim girls school where Christian tradition places the trial of Jesus\u003cbr/\u003e21. Set up shot of Fr. Eugenio Alliata, Professor of Christian Archaeology, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum\u003cbr/\u003e22. SOUNDBITE (English) Fr. Eugenio Alliata, Professor of Christian Archaeology, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum:\u003cbr/\u003e\"It can be also that the praetorium was in some other place, where the Roman official was staying. And one place where he could have stayed is also the Antonia Fortress because it was very near to Temple Mount and a very sensitive place.\"\u003cbr/\u003e23. Wide pilgrims at 2nd Station of the Way of the Cross inside Franciscan Monastery of the Flagellation\u003cbr/\u003e24. Tilt down to Chapel of the Flagellation\u003cbr/\u003e25. Wide of pilgrims chanting at Chapel of the Condemnation\u003cbr/\u003e26. Close of pilgrim wiping her face\u003cbr/\u003e27. Mid of wall artwork portraying Jesus taking up the cross\u003cbr/\u003e28. SOUNDBITE (English) Fr. Eugenio Alliata, Professor of Christian Archaeology, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Usually we stay with the last tradition we receive, and it is necessary to have a very strong argument in favour of an older tradition to go back to that. But if it happens, sometimes it happens, and we are ready also to go back to a stronger tradition, but first we'll need a confirmation.\"\u003cbr/\u003e29. Mid of tourists walking in front of sign marking 1st station of the cross outside Muslim girls school Madrasa al-Omariya\u003cbr/\u003e30. Tilt down to tourists walking past Muslim girls school\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television FILE\u003cbr/\u003eJerusalem - 29 March 2013\u003cbr/\u003e31. Various of Christian pilgrims walking the Via Dolorosa meaning the 'Way of the Cross' \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eJerusalem - 20 March 2014\u003cbr/\u003e32. 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