{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='World\u0026#39;s only observatory of cosmic rays' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bb26d8eafeecae122dcb' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bb26d8eafeecae122dcb' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nWorld\u0026#39;s only observatory of cosmic rays\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003erSHOTLIST:1. Wide of city of Malargue 2. Mid  of entrance to Pierre Auger Observatory 3. Wide of observatory 4. Various  of scientists at computers 5. Set up of Jerome David, physicist 6. SOUNDBITE: (French) Jerome David, physicist \"The...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003erSHOTLIST:\u003cbr/\u003e1. Wide of city of Malargue \u003cbr/\u003e2. Mid  of entrance to Pierre Auger Observatory \u003cbr/\u003e3. Wide of observatory \u003cbr/\u003e4. Various  of scientists at computers \u003cbr/\u003e5. Set up of Jerome David, physicist \u003cbr/\u003e6. SOUNDBITE: (French) Jerome David, physicist\u003cbr/\u003e \"The region of Malargue offers clean skies with no pollution. This offers an unrivalled advantage to detect those cosmic rays that hit the atmosphere.\"\u003cbr/\u003e7. Digital demonstration of a cosmic ray reaching earth surface \u003cbr/\u003e8.  Various Pampa Amarilla prairie \u003cbr/\u003e9. Pan across cosmic rays detectors in storage \u003cbr/\u003e10. Set up of Julio Rodriguez Martino, coordinator for scientific investigations \u003cbr/\u003e11.SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Julio Rodriguez Martino, coordinator for scientific investigations \u003cbr/\u003e\"There is a tank every one and a half kilometre. They form a grid that covers three thousand square kilometres.  We measure the quantity of particles hitting each tank and the relative time between each one of them and through this we can trace the original trajectory that generated this cosmic rain.\"\u003cbr/\u003e12. Digital demonstration of cosmic rays being detected by grid of tanks \u003cbr/\u003e13. Digital demonstration of cosmic ray being detected by a tank \u003cbr/\u003e14. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Julio Rodriguez Martino, coordinator for scientific investigations \u003cbr/\u003e\"When one of these cosmic rays that we study enters the atmosphere it generates a cascade of particles. Some of these particles, especially those with electric charge like electrons, provoke fluorescence in the nitrogen present in the atmosphere. That ultraviolet fluorescence is filtrated so we only allow to pass through what interests us. When they hit a mirror is then accumulated in a chamber that is formed by four hundred and forty very sensible light detectors photo multiplications. They are very sensible so we can perceive this from very long distances. The detectors transform the lights into an electrical signal that we can process in our computers.\"\u003cbr/\u003e15. Mid of detector of fluorescence \u003cbr/\u003e16. Digital demonstration of cosmic ray being detected by mirrors \u003cbr/\u003e17. Set up of Gualberto Avila Cadena, director of observatory \u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Gualberto Avila Cadena, director of observatory \u003cbr/\u003e\"With a single square kilometre detector we would have to wait a hundred years to be able to detect one of these particles. So the only way to increase detections is to increase the surface. This is why we can say we have a detector of three thousand square kilometres.\"\u003cbr/\u003e19. Digital map of the area of detection at Pampa Amarilla prairie \u003cbr/\u003e20. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Gualberto Avila Cadena, director of observatory \u003cbr/\u003e\"We still haven't got a theoretical campus bearing to explain the nature of these particles. I think that the day a scientist will be able to explain this, depending on how he or she will explain it and how this discovery will be accepted by the scientific community, this person will be a serious candidate for a Nobel Prize.\"\u003cbr/\u003e21. Mid of scientists analyzing a GPS device used at the observatory \u003cbr/\u003e22. Two of technicians assembling ray detectors\u003cbr/\u003eOn a vast plain in western Argentina, a new window on the universe is taking shape. \u003cbr/\u003eNearing completion, Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory studies the universe's highest energy particles, which shower down on Earth in the form of cosmic rays.\u003cbr/\u003eOn a vast plateau known as \"Pampa Amarilla\" (Yellow Prairie), nine hundred miles (1 448 kilometres) west of Buenos Aires, the world's only observatory for cosmic rays is already conducting investigations on this still unknown source of energy coming from the universe.\u003cbr/\u003eCosmic rays are energetic charged particles that continually bombard the earth. These are usually protons, but can also be larger particles. \u003cbr/\u003eWhen a  particle strikes  the earth's atmosphere, it creates a shower of low energy secondary particles, and these can only be observed when they reach the ground.\u003cbr/\u003eThe acceleration of most low energy cosmic rays is related to various types of magnetic fields in space. \u003cbr/\u003eThese magnetic fields are known to exist on the sun, in the solar wind, and in the remnants of supernova explosions in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003cbr/\u003eIt is estimated that about a hundred of these secondary particles pass through the atmosphere every second. \u003cbr/\u003eExposure to cosmic rays is even greater at high altitudes. \u003cbr/\u003eThe location at Malargue, 1500 metres above sea level provides  the scientists with greater exposure to collect their data.\u003cbr/\u003eThe Pierre Auger Project developed from a suggestion by Jim Cronin and Alan Watson to build a giant air shower array with much greater collecting power than had ever been previously.\u003cbr/\u003eThe countries involved in the project are Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, the UK, USA and Vietnam.\u003cbr/\u003eAlready in the final stage of construction, more than 250 scientists have begun to collect and analyse information at the observatory.\u003cbr/\u003eThe team of physicists and scientists include not only the big names in the field but also those initiating their careers willing to investigate new fields of physics.\u003cbr/\u003eThe first detection method uses the Observatory's main visible feature.  \u003cbr/\u003e1,600 water tanks cover an enormous section of the Pampa and serve as particle detectors. \u003cbr/\u003eScientists can determine the energy of the primary cosmic ray particle based on the amount of light they detect from a sample of secondary particles. \u003cbr/\u003eSlight differences in the detection times at different tank positions help scientists determine the trajectory of the incoming cosmic ray. \u003cbr/\u003eEach 3,000-gallon tank, is completely dark inside - except when particles from a cosmic ray air shower pass through it. \u003cbr/\u003eThese energetic particles are travelling faster than the speed of light in water.  \u003cbr/\u003e When they reach the detectors their electromagnetic shock waves produce Cherenkov light that can be measured by photomultiplier tubes mounted on the tanks. \u003cbr/\u003eExtensive air showers contain billions of secondary particles and can cause nearly simultaneous bursts of light in more than five tanks.\u003cbr/\u003eTo the fluorescence detectors, a cosmic ray looks like a UV light bulb rocketing through the atmosphere at the speed of light, with an ever-increasing brightness that can reach up to four watts as the cascade grows to its maximum size. \u003cbr/\u003eUsing a grid of focusing mirrors to collect the light, cameras can view the air shower up to  9 miles (15 kilometres) away.  The Auger Observatory's fluorescence detectors are much more sensitive than the human eye and can \"see\" distant air showers develop. \u003cbr/\u003eOccasionally, a cascade will occur in a place where two fluorescence detectors can record it, which allows for scientists to collect  precise measurements on the direction the cosmic ray travels from.\u003cbr/\u003eThese rays can only be detected during new moon nights, when an interference from natural and artificial light is at a minimum level.\u003cbr/\u003eWith such a narrow margin of investigation, the physicists know that the reward for this investigation will be hard to obtain.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead 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