{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Cork forests are under threat as the wine industry uses plastic stoppers' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54ba7cd8eafeecae11de32' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54ba7cd8eafeecae11de32' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nCork forests are under threat as the wine industry uses plastic stoppers\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eLyon1. Various waiter opens bottle2. People select wine from wine list,3. Various people drinking and clinking glasses for good health Plaine des Maures, near St Tropez4. Various of cork oak forests (Foret des Maures)5. Scar on tree...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eLyon\u003cbr/\u003e1. Various waiter opens bottle\u003cbr/\u003e2. People select wine from wine list,\u003cbr/\u003e3. Various people drinking and clinking glasses for good health \u003cbr/\u003ePlaine des Maures, near St Tropez\u003cbr/\u003e4. Various of cork oak forests (Foret des Maures)\u003cbr/\u003e5. Scar on tree where the cork has been removed  \u003cbr/\u003e6. Set up Antoine Catar, environmentalist walking \u003cbr/\u003e7. SOUNDBITE: (French) Antoine Catar, environmentalist, Conservatoire Etude d'Ecosistemes en Provence \u003cbr/\u003e\"Over all it's a tree which nowadays is penalised by the drought, it is a mediterranean tree but which needs nevertheless some humidity, and this spring we didn't basically have any rain and vegetation has gone into summer without the necessary water reserve in the soil. Here we have a cork oak which suffered fire in 1979 and we can still see the traces of it; so it is said that cork oak is very resistant to fires, it is true, but if fires are too frequent the tree is drained of all resources and eventually dies\". \u003cbr/\u003e8. Forest signs \" Site naturel protege\"\u003cbr/\u003e9. Various of forest \u003cbr/\u003e10. Cork forest,\u003cbr/\u003e11. Close up of rare orchid that grows only here\u003cbr/\u003e12. Various of trees attacked by parasites. \u003cbr/\u003e13. SOUNDBITE: (French) Antoine Catar, Environmentalist \u003cbr/\u003e\"Harvesting cork sometimes results in wounds to the tree but we have discovered that in such cavities we have rare insects that we studied with the help of WWF, especially a coleopter (beetle) that is found only here in the Massif des Maures. Interesting birds and bats can also choose these hollow trees as their home\". \u003cbr/\u003e14. Insect on cork tree\u003cbr/\u003e15. Wide of La Garde Freinet, main village in Massif des Maures once living primarily on cork \u003cbr/\u003e16. SOUNDBITE: (French) Sebastian Slaudin, forest owners' association (audio partly covered with cutaway) \u003cbr/\u003e\"The big problem is that the forest is not \"rentable\". The situation is really serious. Because there is no more maintenance of the forest, less maintenance means more competition for water, more fires - well, not more fires but more damages in case of fire - and then less production, so it is a vicious circle if you want\". \u003cbr/\u003e17. Various of La Garde Freinet \u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE : (French) Vox Pop (no name available) \u003cbr/\u003e\"It needs maintenance, it is a duty, the chestnut forest and others needs to be cleaned up for the fire you know, here\". \u003cbr/\u003e19. SOUNDBITE : (French) Vox Pop (no name available) \"I don't do it (harvest the cork) any more now but have done it for sixty years\"  \u003cbr/\u003e20. SOUNDBITE : (French) Vox Pop (no name available) \"We used to live on the cork and the chestnuts\". \u003cbr/\u003e21. SOUNDBITE : (French) Vox Pop (no name available) \"We picked up a lot of cork and it gave food to many landowners, not only big ones but also the small owners, it was an extra income, but now there is nothing for anybody\". \u003cbr/\u003eLa Garde Freinet, Conservatoire du Patrimoine\u003cbr/\u003e22. Various of cork museum \u003cbr/\u003e23. SOUNDBITE: (French) Laurent Boudino, museum curator \u003cbr/\u003e\"The cork oak is part of our identity, because generations of villagers have worked in the factories, to make bottle tops, and the men instead used to spend a great deal of time out in the forest\". \u003cbr/\u003e24. Cork museum old bottle top making machinery \u003cbr/\u003eFrejus  \u003cbr/\u003e25. Various of the last cork factory in the Var region  \u003cbr/\u003e26. SOUNDBITE: (French) Alain Pons, cork factory owner \u003cbr/\u003e\"Wine production, or to be precise, sales, have gone down everywhere, on top of that we have to face fierce competition from new products, notably the plastic cork and the screw top\". \u003cbr/\u003e27. Various of production in cork factory, \u003cbr/\u003e28. Boxes of synthetic corks. \u003cbr/\u003e29. SOUNDBITE (French) Romain Pons, cork factory owner's son \u003cbr/\u003e\"The price curve of cork for the low-middle quality ones is diminishing since some time, to better compete with this new product; then we need to remember that since it is a plastic product it is made with oil; so maybe in five to ten years it will become less competitive\". \u003cbr/\u003eLa Garde Freinet, Conservatoire du Patrimoine\u003cbr/\u003e30. Various fountain \u003cbr/\u003e31. SOUNDBITE: (French) Vox Pop, Local resident  (no name available) \u003cbr/\u003e\"I prefer cork because it is \"porous\", wine goes through a very slow oxidation process which results in the quality of old wine - if you put a plastic top, it is the end of it\". \u003cbr/\u003eLyon\u003cbr/\u003eVarious of wine bar\u003cbr/\u003e32.  SOUNDBITE: (English) Vox Pop, Local resident  (no name available) \u003cbr/\u003e\"The wine is like human being so it's got its life he is in the bottle and he needs to breath, so if you put plastic instead of cork, it is going to loose its contact with the air, it is going to live in a claustrophobic mood and it's going to loose its life, it is going to loose its character...\"  \u003cbr/\u003e33. SOUNDBITE: (French) Vox Pop, Local resident  (no name available) \u003cbr/\u003e\"The cork is the tradition. The plastic is always synonym of a lower quality wine, but I have never tasted  the difference\". \u003cbr/\u003e34. SOUNDBITE: (Italian) Vox Pop, (no name available) \"I think there is a difference but I wouldn't be able to tell the difference\". \u003cbr/\u003e35. UPSOUND: (French) Female drinker \u003cbr/\u003e\"Sante (cheers/ health) \"\u003cbr/\u003e36. UPSOUND: (Italian) Female drinker \u003cbr/\u003e\"Salute  (cheers/ health)\"  \u003cbr/\u003e37. Mid of couple see between wine glasses\u003cbr/\u003eThree quarters of the Western Mediterranean cork oak forests could be lost within 10 years, threatening an economic and environmental crisis, according to a new WWF report. \u003cbr/\u003eUp to two million hectares of cork oak forests - half the size of Switzerland - will be put a risk of desertification and fires due to a predicted decline in the cork stoppers market. \u003cbr/\u003eOpening a bottle of wine. A familiar gesture.. but the familiar sound of the cork popping, could soon disappear. \u003cbr/\u003eA WWF report says the trend away from cork stoppers could lead to synthetic and screw tops holding 95 per cent of the closure market by 2015. \u003cbr/\u003eWWF formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund is one of the world's largest and most respected independent conservation organisations\u003cbr/\u003eIn Massif des Maures, South France, between Nice and Marseille, the silica acid soil of the area provides ideal growing conditions for the renowned wines, but also for the lesser known cork forests.\u003cbr/\u003eThis is the last of such cork forests in France, and one where the decline is more evident than anywhere else in the world. \u003cbr/\u003eAntoine Catar, an environmentalist for a local organisation which works in partnership with WWF points out that the first danger comes from climate change. \u003cbr/\u003eHe says that the cork tree, although well equipped to resist drought, still needs some sort of humidity in order to thrive. \u003cbr/\u003eBut as another dry summer looms in southern France, regular rainfall seems unlikely and the threat of fires is an added concern. \u003cbr/\u003eThese cork oaks were planted upto two thousand years ago. \u003cbr/\u003eBut it is a crop and needs careful management, otherwise parasites attack, and the delicate balance of the ecosystem is disrupted. \u003cbr/\u003eCork oaks are also home to thirty four kinds of unique wild orchid which grow under cork oak trees in the Maures.\u003cbr/\u003eEnvironmentalists say that harvesting cork causes no longer term damage to the tree if done well. \u003cbr/\u003eBut if done badly it can create wounds, however, that is not necessarily a bad thing as these wounds can offer sanctuary to rare insects, bats and birds which nest in the cool hiding spots.\u003cbr/\u003eThe local naturalists and WWF have discovered a species of beetle (a coleopteron) that reproduces only in the Maures' cork oak forests. \u003cbr/\u003eThe species exact name is 'teredus cylindricus' and it was first found here in 2002, however experts say that only twenty of the rare creatures are known to exist at present. \u003cbr/\u003eBut the wildlife is not the only thing under threat.... \u003cbr/\u003eThe villagers of the nearby town of La Garde Freinet, have suffered a loss of livelihood as the wine industry turns to new products to seal their bottles. \u003cbr/\u003eSebastian Slaudin, head of the forest landowners association, says it no longer makes economic sense to continue to maintain the forest. \u003cbr/\u003eHowever if the forest is not managed carefully, that creates more competition for the little water there is.... \u003cbr/\u003eforest fires become even more destructive.... the forest produces less cork and therefore creates less income which results in less investment, and so the destructive circle continues and the hopes for preserving this habitat decreases. \u003cbr/\u003eSince the beginning of the last century, La Garde Freinet was regarded as the centre for cork in France. \u003cbr/\u003eBut the last cork factory closed three years ago after sixty years of production. \u003cbr/\u003eThe fate of this forest and this village illustrates the pessimistic view of the future for the world's diminishing cork oak forests. \u003cbr/\u003eThe WWF estimate that 62 thousand jobs could be lost in the cork producing regions of North Africa, Portugal, Spain and Italy. \u003cbr/\u003eThe village La Garde Freinet has set up a museum to keep memory of what the curator says being a part of the local cultural heritage. \u003cbr/\u003eAll cork factories in the region have now closed expect one in the town of Frejus. \u003cbr/\u003eThe company survived stormy times over five generations but now has stopped all cork stoppers manufacture. \u003cbr/\u003eCorks were much cheaper to manufacture in Portugal. \u003cbr/\u003eSo they harvest the cork, treat it and send it away to be worked. Then, some corks come back to be stamped with the owner's name and logo, and sold. \u003cbr/\u003eThe owner sees two sources of problems: one is the reduction in wine sales and competition from synthetic tops and screw tops. \u003cbr/\u003eEvery year worldwide 15 billion cork stoppers are produced and sold to the wine industry. \u003cbr/\u003eThe cork stoppers still hold 70 per cent of market value, but not for long. \u003cbr/\u003eThe factory owner's son says that cork prices had to come down to compete with plastic tops, but he hopes that as plastic is derived from ever more expensive petrol, the synthetic corks will become more expensive in time leading to a return to the traditional cork stoppers. \u003cbr/\u003eCork is totally environmentally friendly, harvested in a process where not a single tree is cut down. \u003cbr/\u003eWhilst synthetic screws are harmful to the environment because they use more energy in production and are oil based.\u003cbr/\u003eWine lovers are divided on 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